TERMS: CH 7-10

Neoplasia, Nonneoplastic Diseases of Bone, Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases, TMDs

aberrant

deviating from the usual or natural type; atypical

anaplastic

characterized by loss of differentiation of cells and their orientation to one another; a characteristric of malignant tumors

atrophy

abnormal decrease in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Bence Jones proteins

fragments of abnormal immunoglobulins excreted in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma

benign tumor

a tumor that is not malignant; favorable for treatment and recovery

carcinoma

malignant tumor of the epithelium

carcinoma in situ

dysplasia involving the full thickness of epithelium but without invasion into underlying CT

central

in oral pathology, describing a tumor or lesion occurring within bone

encapsulated

surrounded by a dense band of fibrous CT

enucleation

complete surgical removal without cutting into the lesion. a term usually used to describe removal of a cyst or a benign tumor

erythroplakia

a clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch

excision

complete surgical removal

hamartoma

a benign malformation composed of a proliferation of normal tissue in a normal location that is growing abnormally (i.e., odontoma). it does not have the potential for unlimited growth like a true neoplasm

hyperchromatic

microscopic staining that is more intense than normal

hyperplasia

abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

idiopathic

occurring without known cause

immunoglobulin

aka antibody; a protein synthesized by plasma cells in response to a specific antigen

in situ

confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighboring tissues

invasion

infiltration and active destruction of surrounding tissues

leukoplakia

clinical term used to identify a white patch or plaquelike lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be wiped off or diagnosed as another disease

macroglossia

enlarged tongue

malignant tumor

cancer; a tumor that is resistant to treatment and may cause death; a tumor that has uncontrolled growth and dissemination, recurrence, or metastasis

metastasis

transport of neoplastic cells to parts of the body remote from the primary tumor to a site not connected with the original tumor

mitotic figure

a term used in microscopy to describe dividing cells observed in the process of mitosis

monoclonal spike

an elevation of a single type of immunoglobulin; detected by a process called immunoelectrophoresis; seen in patients with multiple myeloma

neoplasia

new growth; the formation of a tumor by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells

neoplasm

tumor; a new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive

neoplastic

pertaining to the formation of tumor by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells

neurilemmoma/schwannoma

a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor

nevus

a benign tumor consisting of melanocytes (nevus cells); also a circumscribed, usually pigmented, congenital malformation of the skin or oral mucosa

oncogenic

promoting tumor formation

odontogenic

tooth forming

oncology

the study of tumors or neoplasms

pedunculated

attached by a stalk

peripheral

indicates that the lesion is within the gingival tissue or alveolar mucosa outside the bone

pleomorphic

occurring in various forms

primary tumor

original tumor; the source of metastasis

sarcoma

malignant tumor of the connective tissue

sessile

attached by a broad base

trismus

restricted jaw opening

tumor

neoplasm; also, a swelling or enlargement

undifferentiated

absence of normal differentiation; anaplasia; a characteristic of some malignant tumors

Waldeyer ring

a ring of lymphatic tissue formed by the two palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lingual tonsil, and intervening lymphoid tissue

benign fibro-osseous lesion

benign lesion of bone characterized microscopically by cellular fibrous CT admixed with irregularly shaped bone trabeculae or cementoid material

Cafe au lait spots

refers to a macular skin pigmentation that is the color of coffee with milk

dysplasia

disordered growth; abnormal development

metabolic

relating to the biochemical processes that occur in living organisms; metabolism

monostotic

involvement of a single bone

nonneoplastic

not pertaining to a neoplasm or an uncontrolled proliferation of cells

polyostotic

involvement of multiple bones

precocious

early in development or occurrence

recontouring

shaped to fit the outline or contour

acromegaly

a disorder that is caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland and is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of bones after closure of epiphyseal plates

adipokines

cytokines produced by adipose tissue (fat)

agranulocytosis

a marked decrease in the number of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils

anemia

a reduction in the number of RBCs, quantity of hemoglobin, or volume of packed RBCs to less than normal

apertognathia

anterior open bite

aplasia

lack of development

arthralgia

severe pain in a joint

atherosclerosis

the process by which lipid accumulates within the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. it leads to reduced blood low to and death of vital organs

catabolism

component of metabolism that involves the breakdown of tissues

chemotherapy

the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs

coagulation

formation of a clot

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

ecchymosis

a small, flat, hemorrhagic patch larger than a petechia on the skin or mucous membrane

epistaxis

bleeding from the nose

exophthalmos

an abnormal protrusion/bulging or one or both eyes

fibrin

an insoluble protein that is essential to the clotting of blood

gastrectomy

surgical removal of the stomach

gigantism

excessive growth and height. pituitary gigantism is a condition caused by increased production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before closure of the epiphyseal plates

hematocrit

volume percentage of RBCs in whole blood

hematoma

a localized swelling that is filled with blood caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel

hematuria

blood in urine

hemochromatosis

a hereditary disorder of metabolism involving the deposition of iron-containing pigments in the tissues

hemolysis

the release of hemoglobin from red blood cells by destruction of the cells

hemostasis

stoppage or cessation of bleeding

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

hormone

secreted molecules produced in the body that have a specific regulatory action on target cells that are distant from their sites of synthesis; an endocrine hormone is frequently carried by the blood from its site of release to its target

hypercalcemia

excess calcium in the blood

hypercortisolism

a condition caused by prolonged exposure to cortisol

hyperglycemia

excess glucose in the blood

hypochromic

stained less intensely than normal

hypoglycemia

a deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream

hyponatremia

a deficiency of sodium in the blood

hypophosphatemia

a deficiency of phosphates in the blood

icterus

jaundice

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

a system established by WHO and International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for reporting the results of blood coagulation (clotting) tests

ischemia

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles

insulin

a hormone produced in the pancreas by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans; insulin regulates glucose metabolism and is the major fuel-regulating hormone

insulin shock

profound hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose level, that necessitates emergency intervention

ketoacidosis

accumulation of acid in the body resulting from the accumulation of ketone bodies

koilonychia

spoon-shaped nails

leukopenia

a condition in which the number of WBCs circulating in the blood is abnormally low

macrovascular disease

atherosclerosis of large and medium-sized blood vessels

megaloblast

a large, abnormally developed RBC typical of certain forms of anemia and associated with a deficiency of folic acid or Vitamin B12

menorrhagia

abnormally heavy bleeding during menstruation

microcyte

a red blood cell that is smaller than normal

microvascular disease

damage to small blood vessels

myalgia

muscle pain

neutropenia

decreased number of neutrophils in blood