Learn: Organismal Biology; EXAM 2 (application and critical thinking)

A plant is unable to transport water from its roots to its leaves because it lacks the tissue responsible for this transport. Which tissue is missing?

Xylem.

A plant produces sugars in its leaves and needs to transport those products of photosynthesis to its roots. Which tissue is responsible?

Phloem.

A plant has xylem and phloem. Is it vascular or nonvascular?

Vascular.

A plant lacks xylem and phloem and is small and dependent on its environment for water movement. Is it vascular or nonvascular?

Nonvascular.

A student finds a plant with roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. Which major plant category does it belong to?

Vascular plants.

A student finds a moss. Based on its lack of vascular tissues, which category does it belong to?

Bryophytes/nonvascular plants.

A plant living on land has a waxy coating that reduces water loss. Which adaptation is being described?

Cuticle.

A plant living in a dry terrestrial environment needs to control when water escapes through openings in its leaves. Which structures help it do this?

Guard cells regulate the stomata.

A plant has openings that allow gas exchange but can be opened and closed to reduce water loss. What are the openings called?

Stomata.

A plant has specialized cells surrounding its stomata that control whether the openings are open or closed. What are these cells?

Guard cells.

Why would a waxy cuticle be advantageous to an early land plant?

It helps prevent desiccation by reducing water loss.

Why would vascular tissue be advantageous to a plant living on land?

It allows materials such as water, minerals, and photosynthetic products to be transported through the plant.

A plant reproduces using spores but does not produce seeds. Which major plant group could it belong to?

Seedless vascular plants or bryophytes, depending on whether it has vascular tissue.

A plant reproduces using seeds and pollen. Which major plant category does it belong to?

Seeded plants.

A plant produces exposed seeds rather than seeds enclosed in fruits. Which group does it belong to?

Gymnosperms.

A plant produces flowers and fruits containing seeds. Which group does it belong to?

Angiosperms.

A plant produces flowers and its seeds develop inside fruits. What group is it?

Angiosperm.

A plant produces pollen but does not produce flowers or fruits and has exposed seeds. What group is it?

Gymnosperm.

A reproductive process involves one sperm fertilizing an egg and another sperm contributing to endosperm formation. What process is occurring?

Double fertilization.

You observe double fertilization in a plant. Which group must the plant belong to?

Angiosperms.

A plant has an embryo with one cotyledon. Is it a monocot or dicot?

monocot.

A plant has an embryo with two cotyledons. Is it a monocot or dicot?

Dicot.

A plant produces small spores that develop into pollen grains. Are these microspores or macrospores?

Microspores.

A plant produces spores associated with the female gametophyte and ovules. Are these microspores or macrospores?

Microspores.

A plant's cells at the tips of its roots are actively dividing, causing the root to become longer. What type of growth is occurring?

Primary growth.

A plant's stem becomes wider as it develops lateral tissues. What type of growth is occurring?

Secondary growth.

A plant is getting taller because cells at the root and shoot tips are producing new growth. Which meristem is responsible?

Apical meristem.

A tree is growing wider in diameter but not longer. Which type of meristem is responsible?

Lateral meristem.

A plant develops protective cork tissue as it increases in width. Which meristem is involved?

Cork cambium.

A plant is increasing in length at its root and shoot tips. Is this primary or secondary growth?

Primary growth.

A plant is increasing in width through lateral meristems. Is this primary or secondary growth?

Secondary growth.

A plant's outer protective tissue is damaged. Which tissue system has been affected?

Dermal tissue.

A plant tissue is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support. Which tissue system is being described?

Ground tissue.

A plant is described as having an outer epidermis, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. What type of organism is being described?

A plant with the basic tissue systems of a vascular plant.

A student observes a plant life cycle in which one generation produces gametes and another generation produces spores. What concept is being demonstrated?

Alternation of generations.

A haploid plant generation produces sperm and eggs. Is it the gametophyte or sporophyte?

Gametophyte.

A diploid plant generation produces spores. Is it the gametophyte or sporophyte?

Sporophyte.

A structure on a gametophyte produces sperm. What is it called?

An antheridium

A structure on a gametophyte produces eggs. What is it called?

Archegonium/archegonia.

A moss life cycle is dominated by the gametophyte generation. Which generation is dominant in bryophytes?

Gametophyte.

A plant group has vascular tissue but reproduces with spores rather than seeds. Which group best fits this description?

Seedless vascular plants, such as ferns.

A plant group lacks vascular tissue and has a dominant gametophyte. Which group best fits this description?

Bryophytes.

A green alga has characteristics that resemble land plants, including similar chlorophyll pigments and mechanisms of cell division. Why is this evidence relevant to plant evolution?

It supports a close relationship between charophytes and land plants.

A fungus consists of many microscopic threadlike structures. What are these structures called?

Hyphae.

A large network of fungal hyphae is observed. What is the network called?

Mycelium.

A fungus has cell walls made of a structural material that is also associated with arthropod exoskeletons. What material is being described in the study guide?

Chitin.

A fungal hypha is divided into compartments by internal walls. What are these walls called?

Septa.

A fungus and plant roots both benefit from their interaction. What relationship is being described?

Mycorrhizae, a mutualistic relationship.

A fungus lives in association with a photosynthetic organism and both organisms benefit. What is this association called?

Lichen.

A relationship benefits both organisms involved. What type of relationship is this?

Mutualism.

Two fungal cells combine their cytoplasm, but their nuclei have not yet fused. What process has occurred?

Plasmogamy.

Two fungal nuclei fuse after the cytoplasm has already fused. What process is occurring?

Karyogamy.

A fungus produces reproductive structures associated with sac fungi. Which major fungal group is being described?

Ascomycetes.

A fungus produces reproductive structures associated with club fungi. Which major fungal group is being described?

Basidiomycetes.

A fungus secretes digestive enzymes outside its body and then absorbs the resulting nutrients. What characteristic of fungi is being demonstrated?

External digestion.

An organism has chitin in its cell walls and obtains nutrients through heterotrophic nutrition. Which major group does it most likely belong to?

Fungi.

An organism is multicellular and eukaryotic but does not photosynthesize and obtains nutrients through absorption. Which major group could it belong to?

Fungi.

An animal embryo develops two primary tissue layers. Is the animal diploblastic or triploblastic?

Diploblastic.

An animal embryo develops ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Is the animal diploblastic or triploblastic?

Triploblastic

An animal embryo has an outer layer, middle layer, and inner layer. Which condition is being described?

Triploblastic development.

An animal has no body cavity between its digestive tract and body wall. What condition does it have?

Acoelomate.

An animal has a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm. What condition does it have?

Pseudocoelomate.

An animal has a true body cavity completely lined by mesoderm. What condition does it have?

Eucoelomate.

An animal has body parts arranged around a central axis. What type of symmetry does it have?

Radial symmetry.

An animal has distinct left and right sides. What type of symmetry does it have?

Bilateral symmetry.

An animal's body is divided into repeated sections. What characteristic is being described?

Segmentation.

An animal's circulating fluid leaves vessels and directly bathes tissues. What type of circulatory system does this describe?

Open circulatory system.

An animal's blood remains inside vessels as it circulates. What type of circulatory system does this describe?

Closed circulatory system.

An embryo develops with the blastopore becoming the mouth. Is the animal a protostome or deuterostome?

Protostome.

An embryo develops with the blastopore becoming the anus and the mouth developing secondarily. Is the animal a protostome or deuterostome?

Deuterostome.

An animal has a true coelom and radial cleavage. Which major developmental group does it most likely belong to?

Deuterostome.

An animal has a true coelom and the developmental pattern associated with protostomes. Which major group does it belong to?

Protostomia.

An animal has true tissues. Does it belong to Eumetazoa or a group without true tissues?

Eumetazoa.

An animal belongs to a major protostome group that includes mollusks and annelids. Which group is it?

Lophotrochozoa.

An animal belongs to a major protostome group that includes nematodes and arthropods. Which group is it?

Ecdysozoa.

An animal sheds its external covering as it grows. Which major protostome group should you consider?

Ecdysozoa.

An animal has a segmented body, jointed appendages, and a chitinous exoskeleton. Which phylum does it belong to?

Arthropoda.

An animal has a chitinous exoskeleton and must shed it to grow. What major group does this suggest?

Arthropods/Ecdysozoans.

An arthropod has characteristics associated with spiders, scorpions, ticks, or mites. Which major group is it?

Chelicerata.

An arthropod has characteristics associated with centipedes or millipedes. Which major group is it?

Myriapoda.

An arthropod belongs to the group containing crustaceans and hexapods. Which group is it?

Pancrustacea.

An animal is a roundworm and belongs to Ecdysozoa. Which major animal group is it?

Nematodes.

An animal is a segmented worm and belongs to Lophotrochozoa. Which group is it?

Annelids.

An animal has a flattened body and belongs to Platyhelminthes. What common name describes it?

Flatworm.

An animal has a muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass, and possibly a radula. Which phylum does it belong to?

Mollusca.

An animal has two shells and belongs to Mollusca. Which group is it?

Bivalvia.

An animal is a squid or octopus. Which mollusk group does it belong to?

Cephalopoda.

An animal has a visceral mass containing its internal organs. Which major animal group is associated with this structure?

Mollusks.

A mollusk has a tissue layer that covers the visceral mass and can secrete a shell. What structure is this?

Mantle.

A mollusk uses a toothed feeding structure to scrape food. What structure is it?

Radula.

A mollusk has a muscular structure used for movement or attachment. What structure is being described?

Muscular foot.

An animal is a marine organism with characteristics of echinoderms. Which major developmental group does it belong to?

Deuterostomes.

An adult animal has radial symmetry, while its larva has bilateral symmetry. Which group does this strongly suggest?

Echinoderms.

An animal has a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail during development. Which phylum does it belong to?

Chordata.

An animal has a flexible supporting structure called a notochord during development. Which major phylum should you consider?

Chordata.

An animal has a dorsal hollow nerve cord. Which major phylum is associated with this characteristic?

Chordata.

An animal has pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail during development. Which phylum does it belong to?

Chordata.

A student finds an organism that is a filter feeder with choanocytes, a spongocoel, and an osculum. Which phylum is it?

Porifera.

Water enters a sponge, food particles are captured by specialized cells, and water exits through an opening. Which animal group is being described?

Porifera.

A sponge's specialized flagellated cells move water and capture food particles. What are these cells?

Choanocytes.