Water, Minerals, and Electrolytes Lecture Review

A comprehensive vocabulary review deck covering major minerals, trace elements, water balance, and related clinical disorders.

what are sources of copper

liver, cocoa, legumes, whole grain, and shellfish

Signs of iron deficiency anemia

fatigue, small and pale red blood cells, low hemoglobin levels, poor immune system function, growth and development retardation in infants

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Percentage of American females who are iron deficient

22-24

High water content foods

foods that are mostly water like cucumber and watermelon

Low water content foods

dry foods like bread, crackers, and cereal

Signs of dehydration

weight loss, dry or itchy mouth, little to no urine, dark urine, no tears, sunken eyes, confusion, heart palpitations, and weakness.

what are symptoms of potassium deficiency

loss in appetite, muscle cramps, confusion, constipation, and increased urinary calcium excretion.

what is the function of copper

promotes iron metabolism and component of antioxidant

Function of potassium

maintains fluid balance, transmits nerve impulses, contracting muscles, and maintaining kidney function

Inhibitors of calcium absorption

vitamin D deficiency, reduced stomach acid, oxalic acid intake, high fiber intake, high phosphorus intake, chronic diarrhea, and fat malabsorption.

Enhancers of calcium absorption

vitamin d, stomach acid, lactose (only in infants)

what is the function of Calcium

formation of bone and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve impulse and transmission, cell metabolism, maintaining healthy blood pressure and immune system.

who is at risk for a calcium deficiency

postmenopausal women

what is water intoxication

when too much water is consumed in a short time or kidneys have difficult time filtering water from blood.

what is hypercalcemia

high blood calcium

what is osteoporosis

disease charaterized by bones with low mass and reduced structure

how do you reduce the risk of osteoporosis

no consumption of alcohol, no smoking cigarettes, be physically active, not using anti seizure drugs.

what is the toxicity of copper

vomiting, abnormal nervous system function, and liver damage

how do vegetables lose iron content

being boiled

what are signs of low copper

anemia, reduced immune system function, and poor growth and development.

what is the function of zinc

component of numerous enzymes

what are signs of zinc deficiency

loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash, poor wound healing, impaired sense of taste, and mental slowness.

what are sources of zinc

seafood, red meat, and whole grains

what is Kashin-Beck disease

form of osteoarthritis caused by selenium deficiency

what does kashin beck disease lead to

joint deformity and dwarfism

function of fluoride

increase tooth resistance to a cavity and stimulates bone formation

toxicity of fluoride

upset stomach, staining of teeth (during development), and bone deterioration.

sources of fluoride

fluoridated water, tea, and seaweed

sources of magnesium

nuts, oats, beans, and tea

toxicity of magnesium

abnormal nervous system function

function of magnesium

cofactor of certain enzymes

risk factors of hypertension

family history, advanced age, African-American ancestry, obesity, physical inactivity, consuming excess sodium, cigarette smoking, consuming excess alcohol, and type 2 diabetes.

what is inorganic arsenic

highly toxic and may contribute to heart disease and certain cancers

function of selenium

component of antioxidant system

toxicity of selenium

nausea, vomiting, hair loss, weakness, and liver damage

sources of selenium

meat, eggs, fish, seafood, and whole grains

what is Graves disease

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disease.

what is keshan disease

disease of heart muscle associated with selenium deficiency.

what is wilsons disease

rare inherited disorder that is an accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the body.

what is goitrogens

are compound of food that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland

what is found in goitrogens

cassava, turnips, cabbage, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli

what is kayser-fleischer ring

copper ring deposits in the eyes

what is a sign of Wilsons disease

kayser-fleischer rings in the eyes

what is goiter

enlargement of thyroid gland

what is menkes syndrome

rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize copper properly.

what is the function of molybdenum

component of certain coenzymes

what are sources of molybdenum

liver, peas, beans, cereal products, leafy vegetables, and low fat milk

symptoms of copper deficiency

anemia, reduced immune system functions, and poor growth and development.

Selenium

An essential trace element necessary for cellular antioxidant protection, thyroid hormone metabolism, and immune function through its incorporation into selenoproteins.