History- Europe

Reconquista

Umayyad Caliphate conquered much of the Iberian peninsula. Christian kingdoms sought to reclaim territory from the Moors

Henry the Navigator

supported yearly expeditions down the coast of Africa. Opened navigation schools

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

Married to unite the two Spanish kingdoms. Supported Columbus’s expedition

Spanish Inquisition

Attempted removal of all non-catholics in Spain by either expulsion or forced conversion

Humanism

study of what makes a human human

Naturalism

Depicting realistic environments in art

Classism

Inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans

Secularism

moving away from depicting religous settings

What were the motives behind European exploration

God, Gold, and Glory

What was God?

Christians wanted to spread Christianity before the muslims. Was thought to be their “sacred duty” to convert people

What was Gold?

Wanted to gain control of trade routes. Wanted to cut out the Ottomans + Italians from controlling the route to Asia so they didn’t have to pay to get through

What was Glory?

Empires wanted dominance and to show off wealth. Navigators wanted fame

Carrack

A ship designed to handle rough currents

Caravel

A ship designed to sail against the wind

Astrolabe

Tracks stars

Magnetic compass

Uses magnetic poles to navigate

16 point wind rose

Follows wind direction

Bartolomeu Dias

First explorer to reach the tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Reached Calicut, India, and brought back cargo that was worth 60x the cost of the voyage. Went around Africa’s east coasts and found away around the Ottomans + Italians

Christopher Colombus

Planned to travel the world, funded by Spain. Accidentally lands in the Bahamas

Tainos

Native people living in the Greater and Lesser Antilles

What was the name of the line that split Portugal’s and Spain’s land in the new world

the “Treaty of Tordesillas”

Encomienda system

Conquistadors were turned into encomenderos. Encomenderos had command over Indigenous labor

The Requerimiento

A speech stating that if the indigenous surrendered, they would not be forced into labor, and if they didn’t, they would be forcibly converted. Was required to be read before conquest

What was the problem with the Requerimiento

Only had to have proof that is was read. Was sometimes read to sleeping villages or empty beaches in Spanish (indigenous did not speak Spanish)

Conquistadors

Explorers sent in waves after Colombus

Viceroyalties

Created viceroys, the king’s representative. People sent to govern the conquered America’s on the king’s behalf. Had regional autonomy

Urban planning

Cities in the Americas, built to be efficient and defendable

The Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia