Biology II Exam #3 Tom Holder

T/F All animal cells share similarities

True

What are the 5 different ways in which animal cells share similarities?

-Exchange materials with their surroundings

-Obtain energy from organic nutrients

-Synthesize complex molecules

-Reproduce themselves

-Detect and Respond to signals in their immediate environment

What are the levels of animal organization?

-Cellular

-Tissues

-Organ

-Organ System

Give an example of animal organization for the following:

Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Organ System

-Cellular - Phylum Porifera (sponges)

-Tissues - Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish) and Phylum Ctenotophora (combjellies)

-Organ - Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

-Organ System - Advanced animal groups

What makes up the internal organization of animals?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Cells with similar properties group to form ___________.

Tissues

___________ combine together to make organs.

Tissues

Organs are linked together to form ________ ________.

Organ Systems

What are the four different types of tissue?

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissues

Sheets of densely-packed cells that:

-cover the body or enclose organs

-line the walls of body cavities

What are epithelial tissues purpose?

They are specialized to protect and to secrete/absorb ions and organic molecules

What are the 3 different shapes that cells can have?

Cuboidal, squamous, and columnar

How can cell shape be formed to arrange different types of tissue?

Simple - 1 layer

Stratified - multiple layers

Pseudostratified - 1 layer but appears stratified

T/F All epithelial tissue is symmetrical or non-polarized

False: All cells are asymmetrical or polarized

*One side rests on basal lamina (basement membrane) and the other faces environment

T/F Epithelial tissues can function as selective barriers

True

Types of Epithelial Tissues

Simple Squamous - single layer of flat cells

Simple cuboidal - single layer of cube cells

Simple columnar - single layer of rectangular cells

pseudostratified columnar - 1 cell thick with all at basement membrane

Stratified squamous - multi-layered flattened cells

Transitional - stretchable tissue

T/F No Epithelial tissues will be involved with secretion/absorption (mostly occurs through multiple layers)

FALSE: *ALL may be involved with secretion/absorption (mostly occurs through SIMPLE or 1 LAYER)?

What is connective tissues function?

Connect, surround, anchor, bind, and support

What does connective tissue form around cells?

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

What is the function of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

-Provides scaffold for attachment

-Protects and cushions

-Mechanical strength

-Transmit information

What are the 6 different types of connective tissue?

Blood

Adipose

Bone

Cartilage

Loose

Dense

What are the functions of the 6 different types of connective tissue?

Blood - transport and protection

Adipose - (fat) insulation, protection, and support

Bone - support and protection

Cartilage - support and flexibility

Loose - holds internal organs in place

Dense - strength and support

What is Muscle Tissue and it's function?

Muscle tissue is cells that specialized to contract, generating mechanical force

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

What are the function of the three different muscle tissues?

Skeletal Muscle - attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion; elongate fibers; voluntary "conscious" control

Smooth Muscle - surrounds tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents; flattened cells; involuntary control

Cardiac Muscle - only in the heart; elongate fibers; involuntary contorl

What is nervous tissue?

a complex network of neurons (nerve cells)

What is the function of nervous tissue?

The function of nervous tissue is to initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another.

Electrial Signals produced in one neuron may stimulate or inhibit other neurons to:

-initiate new electrial signals

-stimulate muscle cells to contract

-stimulate glandular cells to release chemicals

T/F Muscle Tissue contains neuroglial cells

FALSE: NERVOUS Tissue contain NEUROGLIAL cells - (more numerous than neurons)

______________ _______________ provides metabolic support, maintenance, ion balance, and cleaning for the neurons

Nervous tissue

What is an organ?

it is composed to two or more kinds of tissues

(May form sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, or strips)

What is an organ system? What is an example?

different organs that work together

Ex: nervous, circulatory, and endocrine system function together to influence how much water the kidney's retain

T/F Spatial arrangement of organs into organ systems is part of overall body plan

TRUE

T/F The organization of structure usually can predict the function of the structure?

TRUE

Homeostasis

process of adjusting to the external environment and maintaining a stable internal environment

What are some changing variables in the environment are?

Air temperature

water temperature

food supply

water supply

pH

O2 concentration

What is the Integumentary System?

The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).

What protects against abrasion, water loss, U.V light; acts like a barrier to disease causing pathogens; acts as temperature regulation; contains sensory receptors; and excretion?

The Integumentary System

What is part of the Vertebrae Integument System?

Skin and all other accessories;

What is the largest oran for vertebrates?

Skin

What are the layers of skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

What is the Epidermis?

The outer layer of skin

T/F The epidermis is thicker than the Dermis

FALSE: The epidermis is thinner than the dermis

___________ diffuse into epidermis from dermis

Nutrients

The epidermis has what type of cell structure?

Stratified squamous epithelium

(multilayered flat cell)

What are the different Cell Types?

Langerhan

Melanocytes

Merkel

Keratinocytes

What is the function of the langerhan cells?

defensive cells

What is the function of the melanocytes?

They produce pigment melanin

Skin coloration

Protect against U.V light

What is the function of merkel cells?

They are touch receptors

T/F Keratinocyte cells are the primary cell type

TRUE

Keratinocytes's funtion is

-Produce insoluble protein (Keratin)

-amount of keratin increases from inside to outside

-Keratin fills cytoplasm and impairs nutrient diffusion (cells die)

What is dermis?

loose connective tissue (not part of skin, but helps)

-Inner layer of skin, thicker than epidermis

-Highly vascularized

-Contains sensory structures, vessels, nerves, glands

-origin of hair, feathers, scales of vertebrates

What are sensory structures of the dermis?

-Merissner's corpuscles : light touch

-Pacinian corpuscles : deep pressure, vibrations

What is the function of sweat glands?

-Temperature regulation, produces sweat (primarily H2O), 1.5 million in body; release of heat and ions

T/F Sebaceous Glands are only on palms and soles

FALSE: Sebaceous glands are all over the body EXCEPT for palms and soles

T/F Sebaceous Glands are large on the face, neck, and upper chest

TRUE

Sebaceous glands produce _____ : lubricates and softens hair and skin

sebum

What is Sebum? Where does it come from?

It is produced by sebaceous glands and it lubricates and softens hair and skin

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer; support below skin)

-Lies beneath Dermis

-Not a layer of skin

-Contains much adipose (fat tissue)

What is the function of the hypodermis?

it is body contour, insulation (energy storage)

T/F Females have thicker layer of adipose tissue than males

TRUE

What is a nutrient?

any substance taken in by an organism that is needed for survival, growth and development, tissue repair, or reproduction

What is nutrition?

The process of consuming and using food and nutrients

T/F Animals do NOT receive nutrients by consuming food

FALSE: Animals DO receive nutrients by consuming food

Basic similarities in organ system function lead to similarities in _________ requirements

Nutritional

T/F All animals have the same nutritional demands

FALSE: DIFFERENT animals have DIFFERENT nutritional demands

Herbivore

animals that eat only plants

(their digestive system contains a microorganism that helps digest cellulose)

Carnivore

consume animal flesh or fluids

Omnivores

eat both plant and animal materials

T/F The categories (Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore) are limited in describing that diversity of animal feeding habits

TRUE

T/F Animals are NOT Heterotrophic

FALSE: Animals ARE Heterotrophic

What is a heterotroph?

-An organism that cannot manufacture it's own food

-They require already synthesized organic compounds of plants and other animals to supply materials for: survival, maintenance, growth, and reproduction

What are the two types of gut tracts and what are their functions?

1. Blind gut : no cavity between gut and body wall; one opening; primitive form

2. Tube-within-a-tube: flow through digestive tube; body cavity between gut and body wall; separate openings (mostly)

What are the 4 digestive enzymes?

Carbohydrates

Proteases

Lipases

Nucleases

How many stages/phases of food processing do animals undergo?

5

What are the 5 food processing phases/stages in animals? Their function?

1. Ingestion: food taken into the body and move into a digestive cavity (usually called alimentary canal)(chemical digestion)

2. Digestion: Food broken down into smaller molecules (mechanical digestion)

3. Transport

4. Absorption: ions, water, and small molecules diffuse or are transported into the circulatory system

5. Egestion: undigested materials and other waste are passed from the body

The alimentary canal is also known as

a digestive system that consists of a single elongated tube with an opening at both ends through which food passes from one end to the other

How many regions does the alimentary canal have?

5

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What are some facts pertaining to the alimentary canal?

-It is a single, elongated tube with openings at both ends

-Contains smooth muscle in walls

-Lined with epithelial cells (simple epithelial)

-Several specialized regions

What does the epithelial tissue do in the alimentary canal?

-Synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes

-Secrete hormones

-Transport digested material

What is the function of the specialied regions in the alimentary canal?

-Different environments for different processes

-Storage areas

Structure of the GI Tract

-Same general structure from the midpoint of the esophagus to the anus or cloaca.

-Lumen lined by epithelial and glandular cells

-secretory cells release a protective layer of mucus

-other cells release hormones

-glands release acids, enzymes, water, and ions

___________ cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded layers of tissue made of smooth muscles, neurons, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

Epithelial

What are activated by sight and smell of food, as well as the presensce of food in the tract?

Neuros

What is the first region of alimentary canal?

Mouth

Region of Reception (Mouth)

-Buccal cavity (mouth and accessory structures)

-Ingestion site and digestion site (chemical and mechanical)

-Jaws, teeth, cheek muscles, tongue, salivary glands (amylase)

-Pharynx - back of mouth cavity

-point that digestive and respiratory systems cross paths

Region of conduction (esophagus)

-Conducts food from pharynx to stomach

-Peristalsis: rhythmic wave-like contrations (smooth muscle) which propel food forward in GI Tract

-Some digestion due to chemicals that come from mouth

-Requires ATP Expended (food should be eaten in small pieces)

What is the esophagus?

A tube that carries materials from the mouth cavity to the rest of the alimentary canal

Region of storage and more digestion (stomach)

-Stomach (mostly)

-Secretions

-Epithelium coated with alkaline mucus

-No lipid or carbohydrate digestion occurs

What is the stomach?

saclike organ evolved for storing food

-muscular nature helps break up food; partial protein digestion

-regulates rate of emptying into small intestine

What does the stomach secrete?

-Hydrochloric acid - kills microbes, dissolves particulate matter (parietal cells)

-Pepsiogen - converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion (chief cells)

Pepsinogen + HCl --> pepsin (protein breakdown)

This is done with smooth muscle contraction

(some cells are vertical, horizontal. They are "churning" or mixing everything up)

Region of Terminal Digestion and Absorption (Small intestine)

Nearly all digestion of food and absorption of food and water

-Hydrolytic enzymes found on apical surface of epithelial cells or secreted by pancreas into lumen (simple)

-Products of digestion absorbed across epithelial cells and enter blood

In order for that to work, it needs as much surface area as possible

Surface area specialties

Small intestine specialized to carry out the bulk of digestion and absorption.

How does the small intestine function

with mucosal inholdings and villi-finger-like projections (both of these cause and increase surface area)

T/F Specialization increase surface area 600-fold

TRUE

What is the length of an organism small intestine?

8x the height

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

-Duodenum - lots of secretions into the region; attached to stomach; everything is dumped into here

-Jejunum

-ileum

Surface Modifications that increase surface area for absorption

1. Pilcae Circulars (hills)

2. Villus (villi)

3. Microvilli

What is pilcae circulars?

large folds in the SI

-Increase the surface area 1-3 times

What is Villus (villi)

Finger-like projections

-increase the surface area of SI by 10 times