Ankle & Foot, arthro, gait, ligaments

During initial contact, both ankle and MTP are

in neutral

During loading response, the ankle and MTPs dof?

Ankle 5 degrees PF, MTP in neutral

In midstance the ankle and MTPs dof?

Ankle in 5 degrees of dorsiflexion, MTP in neutral

During terminal stance, MTPs and Ankle dof?

Ankle 10 degrees of DF

MTPs 30 degrees of extension

During pre-swing ankle and MTPs dof?

ankle 15 degrees of plantarflexion

MTPs 60 degrees of extension

Initial swing Ankle and MTP dof?

ankle 5 degrees plantarflexion

MTPs are neutral

during midswing ankle and MTPs are

in neutral

During terminal swing ankle and MTPs are

in neutral

The interosseous membrane of the leg is a

tough fibrous sheet of connective tissue

The interosseous membrane of the leg spans the distance between

interosseous borders of tibial and fibular shafts

The subtalar is stabilized by the

interosseous talcocalcaneal ligament

within dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint, the talus rolls ____________ and the leg and simulatneously slides ______________

rolls anteriorly and slides posteriorly

the deltoid ligament is 2 layers of strong connective tissue that connects the tibia to...

navicular, calcaneus, talus

posterior slide allows the talus to rotate...

forward with only limited anterior translation

The subtalar joint is stabilized by...

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

What ligament of the talocrural joint becomes taut in repose to posterior sliding of the talus

The calcaneofibular ligament

Any collateral ligament that becomes increasingly taut from posterior translation of the talus also becomes increasingly taut during

dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion of the talocrural ligament elongates

the posterior talofibular ligament,

posterior tibiotalar fibers of the deltoid ligament

the dome of the talus is wider _____________ than ______________

wider anteriorly than posteriorly

As dorsiflexion occurs in a closed chain, the talus gets wedged between...

medial and lateral malleoli

The wedging of the talus causes the distal tibia and fibula to

spread apart slightly

This spread of the tibia and fibula is resisted by tension in the

distal tibiofibular ligaments and the interosseous membrane

during plantar flexion in the talocrural joint the talus rolls ______________ as the bone simultaneously slides _____________

rolls posteriorly as bone simultaneously slides anteriorly

Any collateral ligament that becomes increasingly taut from anterior translation of the talus also becomes increasingly taut during

plantarflexion

What ligament is stretched in full plantar flexion in the talocrural joint

anterior talofibular ligament

plantar flexion of the talocrural joint also stretches...

dorsiflexor muscles and the anterior capsule of the joint

deltoid ligament

The subtalar joint (STJ) arthrokinematics involve a sliding motion among

the three sets of facets

Axis of rotation is typically described as a line that pierces the lateral-posterior heel and courses through the subtalar joint in

anterior, medial and superior direction

supination/inversion of the subtalar joint involves and __________ roll and __________ glide

medial roll, lateral glide

pronation/eversion of the subtalar joint involves and __________ roll and __________ glide

lateral roll and medial glide

Inversion exceeds eversion by nearly

double

inversion DOF

22.6

eversion DOF

12.5

What two structures naturally limit eversion

lateral malleolus, deltoid ligament

During weight-bearing activities in the stance phase of walking, pronation and supination occur as the leg and talus rotate over...

a relatively stationary calcaneus

Subtalar motion allows the foot to assume positions that are independent of...

The orientation of the superimposed ankle and leg

The talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN) is a complex synovial joint where the

The head of the talus articulates with the calcaneus and the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament inferiorly

talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN)

The talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN) is a complex synovial joint where the head of the talus articulates with the calcaneus and the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament inferiorly and the head of the talus

articulates with the navicular anteriorly

The TCN joint is reinforced by

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

talonavicular ligament

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

The interosseous talocalcaneal ligament reinforces the TCN and capsule

posteriorly

The talonavicular ligament reinforces the TCN and capsule

superiorly

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament reinforces the TCN and capsule

inferiorly

The calcaneocuboid joint is a synovial joint between

facet of the anterior surface of the calcaneus and the facet on the posterior surface of the cuboid

calcaneocuboid joint

Facet on the anterior surface of the calcaneus is (shape)

convex

Facet on the posterior surface of the cuboid is (shape)

concave

The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament connects the __________ tubercle to _________ surface of cuboid

calcaneal tubercle to inferior surface of cuboid

plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

The long plantar ligament

the longest ligament in the sole of the foot

long plantar ligament

the long plantar ligament is ___________(____________) to plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

inferior (superficial)

cuneonavicular joint

The cuneonavicular joint is supported by

Plantar cuneonavicular ligament

Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament1

The cuneonavicular joint is between

navicular and cuneiforms

Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament

Plantar cuneonavicular ligament

The forefoot contains what three sets of joints, those being

tarsometatarsal joints (TMT)

metatarsophalangeal joints

interphalangeal joints

tarsometatarsal joints

metatarsophalangeal joints

interphalangeal joints

the first MT joint is an articulation between

medial cuneiform with the first metatarsal

The second and third TMT joints are articulations of

intermediate (2) and lateral (3) cuneiforms with 2nd and 3rd Metatarsals

The fourth and fifth TMT joints are articulations of

cuboid with 4th and 5th Metatarsals

the metatarsophalangeal joints are numbered..

1 to 5

the metatarsophalangeal joints are articulations betwen

heads of metatarsal (convex) and bases of proximal phalanges (concave)

Metatarsophalangeal joints are located about ____ cm proximal to the "web spaces" of the toes

2.5 cm

what cartilage covers the distal end of each metatarsal head

articular cartilage

with the metatarsophalangeal joints flexed, the prominant heads of the ________________ are easily palpable on the dorsum of the foot

metatarsals

the metatarsophalangeal joints have _____ DOF

two DOF

The three metatarsophalangeal joint ligaments include

medial collateral ligament

lateral collateral ligaments

plantar ligaments

The metatarsophalangeal joints two movements in the sagittal plane are

extension and flexion

The metatarsophalangeal joints two movements in the horizontal plane are

abduction and adduction

Toes can be passively extended about ___ degrees

65 degrees

Toes can be passively flexed about

30 to 40 degrees

Great toe typically allowsgreater extension, to near ___ degrees

85 degrees

The intermetatarsal joints are extensions of

each tarsometatarsal joint

The intermetatarsal joints are between

the bases of the metatarsals

Lisfranc joint

The Lisfranc joint is the combination of...

all intertarsal joints and tarsometatarsal joints

longitudinal arch

lateral longitudinal arch

The longitudinal arch is formed between

posterior end of calcaneus and heads of metatarsals

the longitudinal arch is highest ___________ and lowest _____________

highest medially and lowest laterally

The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) is the primary....

load-bearing and shock-absorbing structure of the foot

Bones that contribute structurally to the medial longitudinal arch include..

_

_

_

_

_

-calcaneus

-talus

-navicular

-cunieforms

-three medial metatarsals

Without an arched configuration large and rapidly produced forces applied against the foot would likely

exceed the physiologic weight-bearing capacity of the bones

Additional structures that assist the arch in absorbing loads include

fat bads, sesamoid bones of the great toe, and superficial plantar fascia

The ligaments that support the medial longitudinal arch (MLA)

plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)

plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar ligament)

long plant ligament

plantar fascia/aponeurosis

transverse arch

The medial side of the transverse arch is

head of the talus and navicular

the lateral side of the transverse arch is

end of the calcaneus and cuboid

the transverse arch flattens anteriorly at

metatarsal heads

what four extrinsic muscles can provide dynamic support for the arches:

tibialis anterior

tibialis posterior

fibularis longus

fibulris brevis

Nonmuscular structures responsible for maintaining height and general shape of the arch are

plantar fascia

spring ligament

first tarsometatarsal joint

The primary passive support to the medial longitudinal arch is provided by..

plantar fascia

plantar fascia

well standing still, the weight of the body falls through the foot near the region of the...

talonavicular joint