u4 D1

Learning

The acquisition of novel information, behaviors, or abilities through practice, observation, or experiences.

Evidence of Learning

Demonstrated by changes in behavior, knowledge, or brain function.

Cognitive Processes

Mentally organizing information, forming coherent cognitive representations, and integrating new information with long-term memory (LTM).

Behavioral Perspective

Approach to psychology developed by John B. Watson, emphasizing the study of observable, measurable behaviors over subjective experiences.

Association

Linking two learned items or events over time.

Associative Learning

Learning that certain events occur together.

Classical Conditioning

Associating an involuntary response with a specific stimulus.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Initially triggers no specific response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Naturally triggers a reflexive response without learning.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Automatic response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Formerly neutral stimulus that, after association with the US, triggers a response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Pairing

Linking the NS and US together.

Acquisition

Learning the association between the NS and US.

Extinction

Diminishing of a conditioned response when the US no longer follows the CS.

Spontaneous Recovery

Re-emergence of a conditioned response after extinction.

Stimulus Discrimination

Responding differently to diverse stimuli.

Stimulus Generalization

Applying learned responses to similar stimuli.

Counter-Conditioning

Replacing an undesirable behavior with a preferred one.

Higher-Order Conditioning

Using a CS as a US to condition a new NS.

Biological Preparedness

Innate predisposition to respond negatively to potential threats.

Taste Aversion

Avoidance of certain tastes due to association with harm.

One-Trial Learning

Strong associations formed from a single exposure.

Habituation

Reduced response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.