Helping

Why Do We Help: Self-Focused Motives (Egoism)

Self-Focused Motives: Helping Relatives - Kin Selection

Self-Focused Motives: Helping Because Others Help Us - Reciprocity

Self-Focused Motives: Cost and Benefits

Cost and Benefits: Social Exchange Theory

Cost and Benefits: Cost-Benefit Analysis

Self-Focused Motives: Helping To Feel Better - Negative State Relief Hypothesis

Why Do We Help: Other Focused Motives (Altruism)

Other Focused Motives: Caring About Others - Empathy

Other Focused Motives: Batson's Empathy-Altruism Theory

Why Do We Sometimes Fail To Help: Bystander Intervention Model (Latane & Darley)

Bystander Intervention Model: Notice the Situation - Good Samaritan Study

Bystander Intervention Model: Interpret That Help Is Needed

Interpret That Help Is Needed: Ambiguity Creates Inaction - Argument Study

Interpret That Help Is Needed: Looking To Others For Cues - Pluralistic Ignorance

Bystander Intervention Model: Accept Responsibility

Accept Responsibility: Latane And Darley's Smoke-Filled Room Study

Accept Responsibility: Shared Responsibility Means Less Helping - Diffusion Of Responsibility

Bystander Intervention Model: Know What To Do

Know What To Do: Ladder Study

Increasing Helping: Get People's Attention

Increasing Helping: Make Responsibility Clear

Increasing Helping: Educate People About Helping Failures

Bob Latane

Smoke-Filled Room Experiment (Darley & Latane, 1968)