Unit 3 key terms ap world

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Yuan Dynasty. It is known for restoring native Chinese rule, reestablishing Confucian principles, and stabilizing the country through centralized bureaucracy and the civil service examination system.

Manchu

They founded the Qing Dynasty, which succeeded the Ming Dynasty. The ——-ruled China from 1644 to 1911.

Qing Dynasty

The _____ was the last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchu people. It expanded China's borders significantly but eventually fell due to internal strife, corruption, and external pressures.

Kangxi

(1661-1722) was one of the longest-reigning emperors in Chinese history. His reign brought stability, expanded the empire, and saw the integration of Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia into China.

Emperor Qianlong

1736-1796) was known for his military conquests and cultural achievements. His reign marked the high point of the Qing Dynasty, but it also began to face problems like corruption and rebellion.

Gunpowder Empires

These were empires that used gunpowder weapons to expand and consolidate their power. Notable examples include the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the late 13th century until the end of World War I. It was known for its military prowess, administrative efficiency, and cultural achievements.

shah

A title used by Persian emperors, particularly in the Safavid Empire. It denotes a king or emperor.

Gutenberg printing press

15th century, this movable type _____ revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible and promoting literacy.

Ivan IV (Russia)

he was the first tsar of Russia. His reign (1547-1584) was marked by territorial expansion, centralization of power, and violent purges against perceived enemies.

Tamerlane

A Turco-Mongol conqueror (1336-1405) who founded the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. Known for his military campaigns and the destruction he wrought, but also for his patronage of the arts.

Suleiman I (Ottoman Empire)

was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His rule saw extensive legal and administrative reforms and significant territorial expansion.

Ismail (Safavid Empire)

founded the Safavid Empire and established Twelver Shi'a Islam as the state religion, which distinguished it from its Sunni neighbors.

Shah Abbas I (Safavid Empire)

1571-1629), he strengthened the Safavid Empire through military reforms, fostering trade, and cultural patronage.

Akbar (Mughal Empire)

(1542-1605) was the third Mughal emperor. His reign is noted for extensive military conquests, administrative reforms, and policies of religious tolerance.

ghazi ideal

A concept of holy warrior life that blended the values of nomadic Turkic culture with the desire to spread Islam. It was a key element in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires.

castes

A hierarchical system of social stratification found in India. It divided people into rigid social groups based on their birth, occupation, and social status.

Safavid Empire

A significant Persian empire (1501-1736) known for establishing Shi'a Islam as its state religion, creating a unique cultural and political identity in the region.

Mughal Empire

A powerful empire in India (1526-1857) known for its administrative efficiency, architectural achievements like the Taj Mahal, and efforts to blend diverse cultures and religions.

divine right of kings

This is the belief that a monarch's right to rule comes directly from God and not from any earthly authority. This concept was used to justify absolute rule by kings in Europe.

justices of the peace

Local officials in England responsible for maintaining peace, administering local justice, and enforcing laws. They played a significant role in local governance and the administration of justice.

English Bill of Rights

A 1689 document signed by William and Mary, which outlined specific civil liberties and limited the powers of the monarchy. It established the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution.

absolute

Refers to the centralized, unchecked power of the monarchy in France, especially under rulers like Louis XIV, who wielded complete authority over the government and the state.

Cardinal Richelieu

A key advisor to Louis XIII who strengthened the central authority of the French monarchy. He curbed the power of the nobility, reformed the military, and enhanced administrative efficiency.

intendants

Royal officials in France who were sent to provinces to enforce royal decrees and administer justice, finance, and policing. They were crucial in centralizing the power of the monarchy.

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, was the absolute monarch of France who ruled from 1643 to 1715. He centralized power, built the Palace of Versailles, and led France to become a dominant European power.

Ivan IV

, he was the first tsar of Russia. His reign (1547-1584) was marked by territorial expansion, centralization of power, and violent purges against perceived enemies.

Romanov Dynasty

The ruling dynasty of Russia from 1613 to 1917, which began with Michael Romanov and included rulers like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

Peter I

he was a Russian tsar who reigned from 1682 to 1725. He modernized Russia, expanded its territory, and reformed its government and military.

Tokugawa shogunate

The military government in Japan from 1603 to 1868, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It brought stability and centralized control, leading to a period of peace known as the Edo period.

Askia the Great

he was a ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa. His reign (1493-1528) was marked by military expansion, administrative reforms, and the promotion of Islam.

Akbar

The third Mughal emperor (1542-1605), known for his policies of religious tolerance, administrative reforms, and cultural achievements. He expanded the empire significantly and established a centralized government.

Delhi

The capital city of the Mughal Empire and a major center of administration, culture, and commerce.

Shah Jahan

The fifth Mughal emperor (1592-1666), known for his architectural achievements, including the construction of the Taj Mahal, and his efforts to expand and consolidate the empire.

tax farmers

Individuals or groups who were granted the right to collect taxes on behalf of the government. They paid the state a fixed sum and kept any excess collected, often leading to corruption and abuse.

tax farming

A system where the right to collect taxes was auctioned off to the highest bidder. These tax farmers would pay the state a fixed amount and keep any surplus, leading to potential exploitation and corruption.

tributes

Payments made by one nation or state to another, often as a sign of submission or for protection. In the context of China, neighboring states would offer tributes to the Chinese emperor in exchange for trade rights and political favors.

zamindars

Local landowners or officials in the Mughal Empire responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants. They played a crucial role in the administration and revenue system, helping to maintain the empire's economic stability.

devshirme

A system used by the Ottoman Empire to recruit boys from Christian families in the Balkans. These boys were converted to Islam and trained for military or administrative service, forming an elite class loyal to the sultan.

Janissaries

An elite military group within the Ottoman Empire, initially made up of Christian boys taken through the devshirme system. The Janissaries were known for their discipline and loyalty to the sultan, playing a crucial role in Ottoman military conquests.

daimyo

Powerful Japanese feudal lords who controlled large landholdings and maintained private armies of samurai. They were key figures in the political structure of feudal Japan, with significant autonomy under the shogunate.

Edo

The period from 1603 to 1868 in Japan, also known as the Tokugawa period, named after the capital city (now Tokyo). It was marked by peace, stability, and isolation from foreign influence.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The founder of the T——- shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. He centralized power, bringing stability after a long period of civil war.

Period of Great Peace

The era during the Tokugawa shogunate when Japan experienced prolonged peace, stability, and economic growth. This period saw the consolidation of power under the shogunate and strict social order.

Taj Mahal

A magnificent white marble mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a symbol of Mughal architectural prowess and represents the fusion of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles.

Versailles

The grand palace built by King Louis XIV of France, symbolizing the absolute power of the French monarchy. ___ became the center of political power and the seat of the royal court, showcasing French art, culture, and architecture.

boyars

The noble landowning class in Russia, ranking just below the ruling princes. They played a significant role in Russian politics and society, often influencing the decisions of the tsars.

serfdom

A system where peasants were tied to the land and the landowner, providing labor in exchange for protection and the right to work a portion of land. In Russia, serfdom became deeply entrenched, with serfs facing harsh conditions and limited freedoms until its abolition in the 19th century.

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his six marriages and for initiating the English Reformation by breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England.

Anne Boleyn

The second wife of Henry VIII and the mother of Elizabeth I. Her marriage to Henry led to England's break from the Catholic Church.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, he ruled over vast territories in Europe and the Americas. His reign was marked by struggles to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and combat the Protestant Reformation.

Philip II

King of Spain and son of Charles V, he was a staunch defender of Catholicism and led the Spanish Armada against Protestant England.

Spanish Armada

A large fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England, but it was defeated by the English navy and adverse weather conditions.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 agreement within the Holy Roman Empire that allowed each prince to decide whether his territory would be Catholic or Lutheran, aiming to reduce religious conflict.

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, it granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended religious wars in France.

Thirty Years' War

A destructive conflict (1618-1648) primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire, involving many European powers and resulting in widespread devastation and the eventual Peace of Westphalia.

Peace of Westphalia

The series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, marking a turning point in European history by recognizing the sovereignty of states and establishing a new political order.

indulgences

Grants by the Catholic Church that offered remission of sins, which were sold for money, leading to widespread criticism and sparking the Protestant Reformation.

simony

The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, such as church offices or sacraments, which was a common practice criticized during the Reformation.

Holy Synod

A governing body established by Peter the Great in Russia to control the Orthodox Church and integrate it into the state's administrative structure.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, involving internal reforms and the reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines through the Council of Trent and the activities of the Jesuits.

Inquisition

A Church institution established to combat heresy and enforce Catholic orthodoxy, sometimes using severe measures, including torture.

Martin Luther

A German monk whose 95 Theses, posted in 1517, criticized Church practices and sparked the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

A list of propositions challenging the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, posted by Martin Luther.

John Calvin

A French theologian and reformer whose teachings, including the concept of predestination, were foundational to Calvinism.

elect

In Calvinist theology, those predestined by God to receive salvation.

predestined

The Calvinist belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England from Roman Catholic practices, some of whom eventually settled in North America.

Protestant Reformation

The 16th-century religious movement that led to the establishment of Protestant churches separate from the Catholic Church.

Anglican Church

The Church of England, established by Henry VIII after breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

shariah

The Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and the Hadith, governing all aspects of a Muslim's life, including criminal justice, marital laws, and inheritance.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century by Guru Nanak, blending elements of Hinduism and Islam.

empiricism

A theory of knowledge that emphasizes the role of experience and evidence from the senses in the formation of ideas, championed by philosophers like Francis Bacon.