ap HuG unit 2 test

Aging Population

A demographic shift in which the proportion of elderly individuals in a region increases due to declining birth rates and rising life expectancy.

Agricultural population density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Anti Natalist population policies

Government policies designed to reduce the birth rate and slow population growth, such as offering family planning or imposing limits on family size.

Arithmetic population density

The total number of people in an area divided by the total land area

Boserup Theory

The theory that population growth drives innovation in agriculture, leading people to find new ways to produce more food when needed.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people or organisms that an environment's resources can sustainably support.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The annual number of live births per 1000 people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population.

Contraception

Methods, devices, or medications used to prevent pregnancy.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model showing how a country's birth and death rates change over time as it shifts from an agricultural economy to an industrial and developed economy.

Dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of working-age adults.

Ehrlich Theory

The warning that rapid human growth will outstrip Earth's resources, leading to widespread famine, environmental collapse, and societal crisis.

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

A model explaining how the main causes of death in a population shift from infectious diseases to chronic, lifestyle-related conditions as development increases.

Fertility

The ability to produce children, or the actual measure of birth production in a group.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of babies under one year old per 1000 live births in a given year.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality conditions.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that human population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly, eventually causing severe widespread shortages.

Mortality

The occurrence or death rate within a specific group or area.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern thinkers who warn that population growth will cause shortages not just of food, but also of critical resources like clean water, energy, and clean air.

Physiological population density

The number of people supported per unit area of farmable land

Population density

A measure of how many people live within a specific unit of area.

Population Distribution

The amount of time required for a population to double in size at its current growth rate

Population-doubling time

The amount of time required for a population to double in size at its current growth rate

Population Pyramids

Bar graphs that display the distribution of a population by age groups and gender.

Pro Natalist population policies

Government strategies that encourage people to have more children, often using tax breaks or financial rewards.

Rate of natural increase

The annual percentage growth of a population based only on births and deaths

Sex ratio

The number of males compared to the number of females in a population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years (15 to 49).

Migration

The permanent or long-term movement of people from one location to another.

Asylum seekers

People who leave their home country to seek legal protection in another country because they fear persecution or harm.

Chain migration

Movement in which people are compelled to relocate by conflict, violence, environmental disasters, or government action.

Forced migration

Movement in which people are compelled to relocate by conflict, violence, environmental disasters, or government action.

Guest worker

A foreign laborer allowed to temporarily live and work in another country under an official permit.

Internal migration

Permanent movement of individuals within the borders of the same country.

internally displaced persons

People forced to flee their homes due to conflict or disaster who remain within their original country's borders.

Interregional migration

Permanent movement within a single region, such as moving from a city to its suburbs.

Intervening opportunities/obstacles

Factors that either encourage migrants to settle before reaching their planned destination or block them from traveling further.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within a single region, such as moving from a city to its suburbs.

Push/pull factors

Unfavorable conditions that drive people away from a place combined with attractive conditions that draw them to a new place.

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

A set of principles describing common patterns of human movement, such as most migrants moving short distances or in stages.

Refugees

People forced to cross international borders to escape war or persecution and granted official legal status and protection.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from countryside agricultural areas into cities for jobs and modern amenities.

Slavery

A system where people are legally owned as property, stripped of rights, and forced to work and relocate against their will.

Step migration

Relocation that happens in a series of smaller stages, such as moving from a farm to a village, then to a town, and finally to a major city.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and herders between higher mountain pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter.

Transnational migration

A pattern of movement where migrants maintain strong personal, cultural, or financial connections to their home country while living in a new country.

Voluntary migrations

Movement undertaken by choice, usually motivated by better economic opportunities or lifestyle preferences.