Studied by 162 people
rectilinear township
A(n) ________ and range survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude.
City location
________ and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales.
Long lot patterns
________ have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.
Three types of regions
formal, functional, and vernacular
place
A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places
sequent occupancy
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history
relative scale/scale of analysis
the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination
formal regions
areas of space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity
functional/nodal regions
areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin
vernacular regions
An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity
absolute location
a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
relative location
the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
site
the physical characteristics of a place
situation
the place’s interrelatedness with other places
distance decay
the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place
friction of distance
movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time; costs are proportional to the distance traveled
Space-Time Compression
refers to the set of processes (new tech, communication) that cause the relative distances between places to grow smaller.
core and periphery relationships
dominant capitalist countries that exploit smaller countries for labor and raw materials; smaller countries are dependent on dominant country for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
cluster
things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface
scattered pattern
objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed
linear pattern
straight line
sinous pattern
wavy line
mental map
the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind
large-scale map
Zoomed in map; more detail
small-scale map
Zoomed out map; less detail
Thematic Maps
Show data; thematic map displays spatial patterns and relationships between them (choropleth maps)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
system that incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping
Global Positioning System (GPS)
system that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal; shows exactly where you are
political regions
boundaries are finite and well-defined (country)
spatial analysis
the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns
choropleth map
a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations
isoline map
calculates data values between points across a variable surface (color blending)
dot density map
uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature
flow-line map
uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern
cartograms
distorts size based on value of variable
map projection
creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth
Robinson projection
Most used map projection with curved edges, distorts all parts of globe, not useful for navigation.
aerial photographs
images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase
remote-sensing satellites
use a computerized scanner from satellitesGloba to record data from the Earth’s surface (remote areas)
Goode’s homolosine projection
map projection that cuts out pieces of world, keeps accurate size, not useful for navigation.
Mercator Projection
map projection that distorts poles of the globe, map of Europe looks more powerful
Relative Distance
Direction that can be described as a position (left)
Absolute Distance
Direction that can be measured with standard units of length
Reference Map
Map that shows geographical data, oceans, cities, borders, roads, ect
Spatial Patterns
The placement of objects on Earth’s surface and the space between the objects
Globalization
how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
Interdependence
dependent on one another in some way
Culture Ecology
The study of interactions between societies and their local environments
Environmental Determinism
theory that environment causes social development or the idea that natural environment influences people
Environmental Possibilism
theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment.
Local Scale
city, town county, neighborhood
Sub-national Regional
Smaller parts of a nation (states, provinces)
National
Comparing Countries
Regional
Comparing Regions (North America ect)
Global
Comparing whole globe, usually no borders
Males
________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.
death rates
Birth and ________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.
Negative RNI
________ means the population has shrunk.
phase of development
The ________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.
Population growth involves two main concepts
rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation
high birth rates
rural agricultural Third-World countries
low birth rates
urbanized industrial and service-based economies
ex
total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated
CBR
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
high death rates
a country that is experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries experiencing poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and a lack of medical care
Green Revolution
(increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care
CDR
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
Ex
a country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration
Doubling Time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
formula
70Rate of Natural Increase
To estimate the RNI for each year in the future by examining a countrys position
(Pop
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
Population Growth Percentage Rate = (Birth Rate
Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate/10%
formula
Number of Children Born/Women Aged 15 to 45
ex
we can estimate a population projection that the planets population has reached only about two-thirds of its potential
ex
an animal population that receives a vast amount of food or removes predators from their habitat will result rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the areas carrying capacity
result
little population growth until the later part of stage one when death rates begin to decline; RNI is generally low or negative
ex
in the United States, services are 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing is only 20 percent
Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)
birth rates reach the same level as death rates
interregional, or internal, migrants
those who move from one region of the country to another
transnational migration
occurs when migrants move from one country to another
forced migration
people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement
undocumented immigrants
people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization
amnesty programs
allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold
life-course changes
when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**
birth rate; natality
the crude birth rate (CBR) and an annual statistic
crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
death rate; mortality
the crude death rate (CDR) and an annual statistic calculated in the same way as the birth rate
green revolution
increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education, and health care
crude death rate (CDR)
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)
the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period
Birth Rate - Death Rate/10%
negative RNI
population shrinkage
reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
doubling time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)
Note 
Flashcard (93)