FW 2003: Midterm 1

components of theory of evolution

variation, fitness advantage, Heritability

Coral Atoll Theory

coral reefs are formed around sinking volcanic islands.

global sea salinity

35.5 ppt

Determinants of local salinity

evaporation, precipitation, river and land runoff, ice

Key nutrients

nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, silica

Pressure of seawater

1 atm/ 10m

3 components of seawater

salinity, temperature, density

gases in oceanic waters

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

The coriolis effect

Deflects winds and currents to right in N hemisphere, left in S hemisphere

Equitorial wind cells

trade winds, westerlies, easterlies

adaptations to salinity

specialized gills or glands that manage salt balance.

adaptations to temperature

blubber, dense fur trapping air to skin

adaptations to oxygen and surface to volume

increased gill surface area, body sizes for greater surface area

adaptations to buoyancy

increased body flexibility, oil-filled swim bladders

algae

eukaryotic, photoautotrophs, lack specialized tissues

plankton

Free-floating, drift with currents

primary production

The conversion of inorganic carbon, using (carbon dioxide) into organic carbon (life forms)

3 eukaryotic groups

Unicellular algae I, heterotrophic protists, Unicellular algae II

Unicellular Algae I

photosynthetic protists with chloroplasts

groups in Unicellular algae I

diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae

groups in heterotrophic protists

foraminifera, radiolaria, ciliophora

groups in Unicellular algae II

chlorophyta - green algae

seaweed four part morphology

holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade

macroalgae species

kelp

marine flowering plant example

seagrasses

marine flowering plant groups

seagrasses, cord grass, mangroves

sea grasses ecological role

not grass, common in shallows, provides habitat, stabilizes sediment

cord grass ecological role

in salt marshes, provides habitat, stabilizes soil

mangroves

important coastal communities, provide habitat

vertebrate groups (marine focused)

Agnatha, Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Chondricthyes, Osteichtheyes, Mammalia

Chordates features

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail, ventral heart at some stage

chordata subphyla

vertebrata, cephalochordata, urochordata

Urochordata name

tunicata

cephalochordata name

lancelets

tunicate species

sea squirts

tunicate features

filter feeders with siphons, mobile tadpole larvae, body protected by tunic

lancelet features

notochord, nerve chord, no column or skull, filter feeders with gills. live in/on soft bottoms

marine invertebrates I

sponges and cnidarians

marine invertebrates I features

immobile as adults, broadcast spawning

sponges features

first multicellular organisms, hold commercial value, filter water, porous bodies, choanocytes

cnidarians features

radial symmetry, cnidocytes for defense, polyp and medusa forms, mostly aquatic, predators

cnidarian species

jellyfish, sea anemones

marine invertebrates II

worms and molluscs

flatworms species

cotylea, acotylea

marine roundworm species

ascaris

marine segmented worm species

polychaeta

segmented worm name

annelids

annelids importance

prey and decomposers, diverse

mollusc groups

gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods.

Marine Invertebrates III

arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

bobtail squid research

neural coordination of camouflage

bobtail squid features

bioluminescence, chromatic displays

arthropod features

exoskeletons, segmented bodies, jointed appendages

arthropod species

crustaceans

echidnoderms features

radial symmetry, a water vascular system, tube feet

echidnoderm importance

nutrient cycling, prey for others

protochordate groups

lancelets and tunicates

prodochordate features

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits

4 groups of fishes

agnatha - hagfish, lampreys; gnathostoma - chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

agnatha features

no jaw, boneless

agnatha groups

Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontida (lampreys)

hagfish importance

scavengers

lamprey importance

indicators of ecosystem health, kind of parasitic

gnathostoma groups

Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

chondrichthyes species

sharks, rays

osteichthyes species

bony fish

chondrichthyes features

cartilaginous, moveable jaws, placoid scales, well-developed teeth, claspers

chondrichthyes importance

top predators, apex/meso predators, prevent trophic cascades

groups of chondrichthyes

holocephalii/chimeras, elasmobranchs

holocephalii features

cartilaginous structure, upper jaw fused to the skull, spiracles, flat teeth, and gill coverings

reproduction features of chondrichthyes

low fecundity, claspers (males), internal fertilizationand extended gestation periods.

Holocephalii species

ratfish

holocephalii location

deep water

elasmobranchi characteristics

unattached lower jaw, gill openings, ampulae of lorenzini

ratfish adaptation

specialized gill structures - used for breathing in deep water.

elasmobranchi species

sharks and rays

shark adaptation

efficient swimming, sensory adaptations for hunting.

ratfish research

real teeth growing outside the jaw

shark conservation issues

bycatch, finn fishing reducing population numbers

vertebrate adaptation to oxygen concentrations

gills

vertebrate adaptation to salt concentrations

osmoregulation

vertebrate adaptation to temperature

behavior and counter-current systems like the circulatory system and blubber

vertebrate adaptation to water fluid but viscous

locomotor system, buoyancy (swim bladder)

vertebrate adaptation to food is widely dispersed

locomotor system

vertebrate adaptation to food issues

specialized mouths, sophisticated gut, sensory system and brains

vertebrate adaptation to low density of mates

specialized sensory systems (ampulae of lorenzini)