Perceptual Motor Learning - KINE 216 - Quiz 8

Does practice make perfect?

No

Consider the influences of 3 things when practicing

1. learner

2. task

3. environment

3 major decisions when breaking down skill

1. Part vs Whole Practice?

2. How do speed and accuracy influence skill acquisition? (speed accuracy tradeoff)

3. How can one best learn skills that must be performed equally well on both the dominant and non-dominant sides? (bilateral transfer)

Part vs Whole: Part Practice Method

simplifies the skill

- used by beginners

- not always best practice but it depends

- lets leaner inc motivation by early success

- practice on problem areas

How do you decide Part vs Whole?

1. nature of skill

2. capability of learner

2 component of the nature of the nature of a skill

1. task complexity

2. task organization

Task Complexity (TC)

- how many subcomponents are there

- how many info processing demands are there

Task Organization (TO)

- how much does the performance of each part of the skill depends on the component (how interdependent are pieces of a skill) (ex: cartwheel = high task organization)

- take into account stretch reflex

- High TC and TO

- Low TC and TO

-High TC and Low TO

- Low TC and High TO

- High TC and TO & Low TC and TO = it depends

-High TC and Low TO = Part Practice

- Low TC and High TO = Whole Practice

What 2 factors do you want to consider about the learner?

1. experience level

2. motivation

3 Part Practice Techniques

1. segmentation

2. fractionation

3. simplification

Segmentation as 3 methods and 2 ideas that apply to those - what are they

1. Part whole method

2. Progressive part method

3. Repetitive part method

1. Forward chaining

2. Backward chaining

Part Whole Method

each step learned separately and then put together

- A, B, C, D --> A+B+C+D

Con of part whole method

may forget 1st step, mix steps up, and not have tree rhythms need till the end

Progressive Part Method

practice 2 items separately until gotten and then put together

- A, B --> A+B; C --> A+B+C; D --> A+B+C+D

Repetitive Part Method

repeating each step as you go/learn

- A, A+B, A+B+C, A+B+C+D

Pro of progressive and repetitive part method

you learn the correct rhythm of the movement as you learn

Forward Chaining

move from first step to last step as you learn

Backward Chaining

move from last step to first step as you learn

- used more in daily activities

Pro of backward changing

it can act as a motivator to the learner to see their end goal first and start at the end

Fractionization

a part of part practice that s used when a skill requires simultaneous limb movement but do a diff movement

- effectiveness questionable as there isn't adequate research behind

Simplification

part practice technique in which the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task is reduced by making it more simple

How can you simply or reduce the task difficulty

- modify equipment

- reduce coordination requirements

- change environnement complexity

- use skill building activities and lead up games

- sequence form simple to complex

Speed Accuracy Tradeoff

as the speed of a movement increases, its accuracy decreases

- factor 2 in practice design

Speed Accuracy Tradeoff: Spatial Accuracy

an emphasis on speed negatively affects accuracy, and vice versa

- inc speed = dec accuracy

Speed Accuracy Tradeoff: Temporal (timing) Accuracy

improved when the performer does faster or movement distance is dec

- inc speed = inc accuracy

Do most skill use both spatial and temporal accuracy?

yes

Since both accuracies are usually involved in a skill, a beginner should focus on what aspect more, speed or accuracy?

the beginner should focus more on speed, the movement pattern, and its technique and deemphasize accuracy

Fitt's Law

movement time for rapid aiming task is linearly related to the distance to be moved and target size

- so you can predict spatial dimensions if you can predict the movement time

Bilateral Transfer

practice w/ one limb enhances the acquisition of the same task in the opposite limb

- factor 3 in practice design

- beneficial in rehab and sports

What hand should you learn a skill with first, dominate or non dominate hand?

ongoing research on which hand and skill should be learned first; though most start with their dominant hand

Psychological Strategies

- motivation and practice

- goal setting

- mental practice / imagery

2 reasons to lose motivation

1. boredom

2. frustration

Ways to become motivated again

- fun and varied practices

- learners should get some sense of success and achievement