History SAC 1

First Financial Minster

Jacques Turgot (1774 - 1776)

Second Financial Minister

Jacques Necker (1776 - 1781)

Third Financial Minster

Charles-Alexandre de Calonne (1783 - 1787)

Fourth Financial Minister

Lomenie de Brienne (1787 - 1788)

Day of Tiles

10 June 1788, Parlement of Grenoble

Lit De Justice: Brienne's reform program

8 May 1788, Introduced reforms replacing parlements with plenary courts

Royal Session

19 November 1787, Brienne attempt to force in program denied by Parlement of Paris

Exile to Troyes

15 August 1787, Louis XVI exiles Parlement of Paris to Troyes, 150 km away, resulting in proests against the monarchy

Aristocratic Revolt

Notables rejected the program of reforms, wanted to see financial records, claiming to be "representatives of the nation"

William Doyle about Calonne

"If Calonne's proposals had come from anybody else there is little doubt that the notables would have welcomed them."

Assembly of Notables

22 February - 25 May 1787, 144 members

Calonne Reforms

-New direct tax on all landoweners, no exceptions, based on income

-Abolition of internal tax barriers and removal over grain trade

-New provincial assemblies to acces and collect the land tax

Jacques Necker, American War

Spend over a billion livres, 91% from loans

1777 - May 1781 borrowed 520 million livre

Compte Rendu au Roi

Published February 1781 showing france had a 10 million livre surplus due to hiding war accounts

American war of Independence

8000 french soldiers and sailors served

Based on personal liberty and freedom form despotism

1778-1783

Jacques Turgot Reform

Reduce expenditure and introduce fairer taxation

"Reducing the expenditure belowe the receipt, and so much below it as to leave twenty million livres every year for the redemption of former debts"

Jacques Turgot Dismissal

Creating political enemies: Nobles, Parlements, Marie Antoinette

Social Contract

Most famous of Roussea's writing, each citizen accpets the rule of the majority. The General Will

Jean-Jacques Roussseu

"Man is born free but is everywhere in chains"

Humans are oppressed by the laws of governmnets, preventing the true nature of man, 'noble savages'

Voltaire

Called for seperation of state and church

Racist to Africans and Jews

Montesquieu

Wanted end to Absolutism

Wanted split of powers, Legisative, Judiciary, and Executive

Vingtieme

5% tax on all goods produced during war time (Everyone)

Capitation

Tax per person, as counted by census (Everyone)

Taille

Land Tax, Exemptions: Church, Nobles, Most Towns

Tithe

10% of Harvest to the clergy, (Third Estate)

Don Gratuit

Up to 5% of Church Income, annual gift to the King

Corvee Royale

Labour Tax, 6-30 days of unpaid labour (Peasants)

Gabelle

Salt Tax

Banalites

Tax paid by peasants to use feudal lords equipment

Feudal Dues

Dues paid by peasents to the lord to rent farms, 3-25% of produce.

Call an Estates-General

Leblanc de Castillon, Parlement of Aix

Estates General

Called on the 8 August 1788 for the 1 May 1789

1788 Expenditure and Income

421.6 million income, 633 million expenditure