Basis Exam 2 Key Concepts

ligands for cAMP

hormones and ACH

ligands for cGMP

NO, ANP (natriuertic peptide)

PKA does what

primary effector of cAMP

phosphorylates OH group of Ser or Thr of target protiens in cytosol and nucelus

cGMP is the second messenger for…

nitric oxide

the cGMP stimulated protien kinase contains..

both catalytic and regulatory subunits

Nitric Oxide

radical gas

diffuse across memebranes and alter intracellular target enzymes

unstable, local effects

When acetylcholine is released from the terminus of nerve cells in the blood vessel walls, the endothelial cells are stimulated to produce NO.

NO then increase the synthesis of cGMP, activate PKG for platelet inhibition, vasodilation, etc.

PI derived messengers

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a negatively charged phospholipid.

Inositol can be phosphorylated to form PIP, PIP2, PIP3 as second messengers.

PIP2 can be hydrolyzed by phospho lipase (PLC) to yield another set of second messengers:

Diacylglycerol (DAG)
• Activates PKC

Inositol -1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
• Opens Ca2+ channels

sodium concentrations

135-145 in plasma

14 in ICF

potassium concentrations

120-145 ICF

3-5 plasma

protien are major anions where

ICF

BMI categories

Underweight = <18.5
Normal weight = 18.5-24.9
Overweight = 25-29.9
Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater