Psychopathology and Intellectual Disabilities Flashcards

A complete collection of vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes on intellectual disabilities, psychological models, historical figures, brain structures, and psychopathology concepts.

Eugenics Movement

Harmful historical practices aimed at "controlling" reproduction.

Early Intelligence Testing

Historical assessment used to place children in educational settings.

Modern Intelligence Construct

Definition of intelligence encompassing reasoning, problem solving, learning, and adaptive functioning.

Intellectual Disability Diagnostic Criteria

Criteria requiring low intellectual functioning ($IQ < \sim 70$), deficits in adaptive behavior, and onset during the developmental period.

Conceptual Adaptive Behavior Domain

Adaptive behavior domain involving language and academics.

Social Adaptive Behavior Domain

Adaptive behavior domain involving relationships and communication.

Practical Adaptive Behavior Domain

Adaptive behavior domain involving self care and daily living.

Stress-Diathesis Model

Framework proposing that disorders develop from a combination of vulnerability and stress.

Biological Model

Perspective attributing disorders to genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters, and medical conditions.

Cognitive Model

Perspective stating that thoughts influence emotions and behavior, and distorted thinking contributes to disorders.

Behavioral Model

Perspective proposing that disorders arise from learned behaviors through conditioning and reinforcement.

Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Perspective stating that thoughts and behaviors interact, and changing both improves symptoms.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process that occurs through association, involved in phobias.

Operant Conditioning

Learning process that occurs through consequences, specifically reinforcement and punishment.

Modeling

Learning that occurs by observing others.

Psychodynamic Model

Perspective centered on unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, personality structures, and defense mechanisms.

Id

Freudian personality structure driven by basic instincts and immediate satisfaction.

Ego

Freudian personality structure operating on the reality principle to balance what the id wants with what is possible.

Superego

Freudian personality structure acting as the moral compass.

Humanistic Model

Perspective focused on personal growth and self-actualization, encompassing Rogerian, Gestalt, and Existential approaches.

Socio-Cultural Model

Perspective emphasizing that social environment, culture, family, and societal pressures influence mental health.

John Locke

Historical figure who posited that knowledge comes from experience, describing the mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa).

4 Ds of Psychopathology

The four criteria used to characterize psychopathology: dysfunction, distress, deviation, and danger.

Amygdala

Limbic system structure involved in fear, emotion, and anxiety.

Hippocampus

Limbic system structure involved in memory, relevant to PTSD and depression.

Prefrontal Cortex

Brain area responsible for attention and impulse control.

Risk Factors

Variables that increase the likelihood of developing problems.

Resilience

The capacity to protect against risk factors and adapt successfully.

Categorical Classification

Diagnostic approach treating disorders as binary yes/no conditions.

Dimensional Classification

Diagnostic approach viewing symptoms as existing along a spectrum, often considered more accurate.

Comorbidity

The presence of more than one disorder at the same time in an individual.

Internalizing Symptoms

Inward-directed psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, more commonly seen in girls.

Externalizing Symptoms

Outward-directed psychological behaviors, such as aggression and ADHD, more commonly seen in boys.

Competence

The ability to adapt successfully to the environment.

Multifinality

Developmental concept where a single initial risk factor can lead to many different possible outcomes.

Equifinality

Developmental concept where many different initial risk factors can lead to one similar outcome.