BIO 202 Lab Quizzes

What does a low hematocrit value indicate?

• low percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) in blood

What is the component of erythrocytes that binds to oxygen?

hemoglobin

What blood types can an unsensitized person with AB- blood receive?

AB- individuals can receive only Rh- factor blood to avoid agglutination

• AB- (shares A antigen, B antigen, and anti-D antibodies)

• O- (shares anti-D antibodies)

• A- (shares A antigens and anti-D antibodies)

• B- (shares B antigens and anti-D antibodies)

What is the result of the blood test depicted in the diagram below? (Anti-A = no agglutination; Anti-B = no agglutination; Anti D = agglutination)

agglutination occurs when antigen and antibody of same type are present

• Blood type must be O+

  • no agglutination for Anti-A and Anti-B means no A or B antigens present

  • agglutination with anti-D means that Rh factor is present

What is the difference between ABO and Rh/D antigen?

• ABO antigen is a glycan (carbohydrate) found on surface of RBC

• Rh/D antigen is a protein found within blood plasma

If an individual has anti-A and anti-D antibodies, what is the blood type of this individual? What blood type can this person receive?

• if anti-A and anti-D antibodies, there must be no A antigen and no Rh + antigen

• Individual is blood type B-

• Blood type B- individuals can receive B-, O- blood

A considerable increase in neutrophils indicates what type of infection?

bacterial infection

What is the layer of blood vessels containing endothelial cells?

tunica interna

• “endo” means inside

What layer responds to different stimuli to vasodilate or vasoconstrict blood vessels?

tunica media

• smooth muscle layer

Blood in the veins moves towards the heart by two mechanisms: ___ and ___

• gravity

• venous valves

What two veins join to become the superior vena cava?

Right brachiocephalic vein & left brachiocephalic vein

What are the two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk/artery?

• Right common carotid artery

• Right subclavian artery

How do arteries and veins compare and contrast?

Arteries

• arteries are thicker, have larger tunica media for constriction

• arteries deliver blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

• veins are thin-walled, collapsable

• veins have valves

• veins deliver blood TOWARDS the heart

Both

• vessel walls made of tunics

• require nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal services

• found in cardiovascular system

• connected to capillaries

The process of _____ allows transfer of small solutes and gas molecules across capillary walls.

diffusion

• capillary exchange

What artery is used to palpate a wrist pulse?

radial artery

What is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle cells compated to other muscle cells?

• intercalated discs

During diastole, the tendinous cords are _____. During systole, the tendinous cords are ____

• Diastole = relaxation

  • slack

• Systole = contraction

  • taught

What part of the EKG below is generated by ventricular repolarization?

T wave

What part of the EKG is generated by atrial depolarization?

P wave

Where on the EKG might you see atrial repolarization?

• hidden, but occurs in QRS complex

If Thomas’s stroke volume is 100 mL and his heart rate is 50 bpm, what is his cardiac output?

CO = HR x SV

• CO = 50 bpm x 100 mL

• CO = 5000 mL/min

What is the layer of the heart that directly contacts/touches blood?

endocardium

A vessel that brances that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart is called _____

pulmonary trunk

Use ABO/Rh blood types to see if you can identify who may be the father of the baby and who is not the father.

Mother = A-

Baby = O+

Mate 1 = B+

Mate 2 = AB+

We know O blood type is recessive (Baby must have 2 copies of O allele); + is dominant (only one copy is needed. Since mom has 2 -, dad must offer 1 + allele)

All alleles that can give B+

• BB++, BB+-, BB-+, BO++, BO+-, BO-+

All alleles that can give AB+

• AB++, AB+-, AB-+

→ Mate 1 can be the father

aorta

distributes blood to systemic circulation

atrioventricular sulcus

groove separating atrial and ventricular heart portions

atrium

upper chamber of the heart

bicuspid/mitral valve

• allows blood movement from left atrium to left ventricle

cardiac vein

drains blood from myocardial capillaries

coronary artery

• supplies blood to the heart muscle

coronary sinus

drains blood from myocardium into right atrium

endocardium

inner lining of the heart chambers

interventricular sulcus

groove separating left and right ventricles

myocardium

layer of cardiac muscle tissue

papillary muscle

structure from which chordae tendinae originate

pericardium

double-layered membrane around the heart

pulmonary trunk

gives rise to left and right pulmonary arteries

tricuspid valve

allows blood movement from right atrium to right ventricle

epicardium

contains serous fluid to reduce friction during heartbeat

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

nasal/oral cavities to the trachea

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

bronchioles and the lungs

What are the paranasal sinuses and what do they do?

air filled spaces within the bone

• lighten the skull

• warm and humidify air that is inhaled

• increase the resonance of speech

• protect vital structures during facial trauma

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

• sphenoid sinus

• frontal sinus

• ethmoid sinus

• maxillary sinus

____ of the larynx is where air goes through

glottis lumen

_____ closes off the glottis during swallowing and contains ___ cartilage

epiglottis; elastic

What type of epithelium does the mucosa contain?

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

  • A single layer of cells with nuclei in multiple orientations of the cell

What type of cartilage is found within tracheal cartilage?

• hyaline cartilage

  • this type of cartilage is also found on the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Where does the parietal pleura line?

thoracic wall

Where does the visceral pleura line?

lung surface

What is the pleural space/cavity?

space between the parietal and visceral pleura

• filled with pleural fluid

3 functions of the pleura and pleural fluid

1. reduces friction

2. creates pulmonary pressure gradient

3. compartmentalization

What is the carina?

where the trachea forks into the primary bronchi

What is the conducting portion of bronchial tree?

trachea

primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

tertiary bronchi

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

What is the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree?

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

alveoli

What type of muscle is in the terminal bronchiole?

smooth muscle

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

alveoli

Alveoli is made up of Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes/epithelial cells. What are the types?

Type 1 = simple squamous epithelial cells

Type 2 = simple cuboidal epithelial cells

• type 2 secrete surfactant (oily, soapy phospholipids that coat alveolar surface and reduce surface tension)

What is pulmonary ventilation?

movement of air into and out of lungs

• consists of repetitive, cyclic inspiration and expiration

What is the respiratory cycle?

one complete breathing cycle (one inspiration, one expiration)

What is quiet respiration?

relaxed, unconscious, automatic breathing

• done when at rest or walking around

What is forced respiration?

forceful, deep and rapid breathing

• exercise

What is ventilation dependent upon?

pressure gradients

• difference in air pressure between air inside lungs and outside

What are the muscles involved in breathing?

diaphragm, internal and external intercostals

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

pressure is inversely related to volume

diaphragm

increases thoracic cavity in inferior direction

• prime mover of inspiration

external intercostals

• increase thoracic cavity in lateral and anterior/superior direction

  • synergist of inspiration

internal intercostals

• decrease the thoracic cavity during forced expiration

Breathing is largely unconscious, and is controlled by the ___ and ___

medulla oblongata and pons

• also responds to chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with max effort

residual volume

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

• amount that can never voluntarily be removed

vital capacity

amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with max effort

• deepest possible breath

• VC = IRV + ERV + TV

inspiratory capacity

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

total lung capacity

max amount of air the lungs can contain

cellular respiration

converts carbohydrate and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

• produces 32 ATP

external repiration

gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood

internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissues

gas transport

movement of respiratory gases in the blood

• carries gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

Fick’s law

rate that respiratory gases diffuse in and out of blood

• rate of diffusion is proportional to (surface area*pressure gradient)/(membrane thickness)

• as pressure gradient and surface area increase, diffussion increases

• as membrane gets thinner, diffusion increases

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

98.5% bound to hemoglobin in RBCs

1.5% dissolved in blood

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

90% as hydrated bicarbonate ions

5% bound to hemoglobin

5% dissolved in blood

What is picked up in the tissues and what is released there?

• picked up = carbon dioxide

• released = oxygen

What is picked up in the lungs and what is released there?

• oxygen is picked up

• carbon dioxide is released

What is emphysema?

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces, reducing surface area for gas exchange

stroke volume

volume of blood ejected from left ventricle in one cardiac cycle

• depends on your physical fitness

cardiac output

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute

total peripheral resistance

sum of all the resistance to blood flow in all the peripheral vasculature in systemic circulation

mean arterial pressure

the average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle

What are some factors that cause total peripheral resistance to change?

• blood viscosity

• vessel length

• vessel diameter

How can you increase blood flow to muscles?

• increase cardiac output

• decrease TPR

• redirection of blood flow (shunts)

What does a prolonged QT interval indicative of?

ventricular tachyarrythmias