Ch 8:Emotion and Motivation

emotion

temporary state that includes subjective experiences, physiological activity, and preparation for action

appraisal

conscious/unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

action tendencies

readiness to engage in specific behaviors

valence

how positive a feeling is

arousal

how energetic a feeling is

James-Lange Theory

subjective experience of emotion FOLLOWS our body’s specific response to a stimulus

Cannon-Bard Theory

subjective experience of emotion ACCOMPANIES our body’s specific response to a stimulus

Two-Factory Theory

stimuli trigger general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion

emotional expression

observable sign of emotional state

universality hypothesis

all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places over all time

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the same emotional experiences they signifiy

display rule

norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

intensification

exaggerating expression of an emotion

deintensification

muting expressions of one’s emotion

masking

expressing one emotion while feeling another

neutralizing

showing no expression of emotion one is feeling

motivation

internal cause of purposeful behavior

instincts

hardwired innate motivational drives

homeostasis

tendency for system to take action to keep itself at equilibrium

equilibrium

equal or balanced

drive reduction theory

primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives

hedonic principle

people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

emotional regulation

strategies people use to influence their own emotions

suppression

inhibiting outward signs of emotion

affect labeling

putting one’s feelings into words

reappraisal

changing emotional experience by changing way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs

What part of the brain controls hunger?

hypothalamus

lateral hypothalamus

receives hunger-on signals, top section

ventromedial hypothalamus

receives hunger-off signals, bottom section

binge eating

recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating large number of calories in short periods of time

bulima nervosa

binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

anorexia nervosa

intense fear of being overweight and severe restriction of food intake

evolutionary mismatch hypothesis

traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in modern environment

metabolism

rate at which body uses energy, decrease in response to dieting

human sexual response cycle

states of physiological arousal during sexual activity

excitement phase

blood flow to sexual organs, muscle tension, increased heartrate and respiration

plateau phase

heart rate and muscle tension increase further, sex specific physiological responses occur

orgasm phase

breathing becomes extremely rapid and pelvic muscles begin a series of contractions

resolution phase

muscles relax, blood pressure drops, body returns to resting state

refractory period

further stimulation does not produce excitement

intrinsic motivation

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

over justification effect

people who are rewarded for their performance may become less intrinsically motivated to perform

extrinsic motivation

motivation that leads to a reward

delayed gratification

process of putting off pleasure or reward

conscious motivation

motivations of which people are aware

unconscious motivations

motivations of which people are not aware

achievement motivation

desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting one’s goals, often conscious

approach motivation

motivation to experience positive outcomes

avoidance motivation

motivation to avoid experiencing negatives outcomes

loss aversion

tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

terror management theory

theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

cultural worldview

shared set of beliefs about what is good and right, allows people to live in a world of meaning, helps buffer mortality anxieties