Chapter 4 Psychology Exam Review

Sleep

A state of low physical activity and reduced awareness.

Circadian Rhythm

Biological rhythm that follows an approximately 24-hour cycle.

Sleep Cycle

A cycle through NREM and REM sleep that repeats about every 80-100 minutes, usually 4-6 times per night.

Stage 1

Transition between awake and asleep. Light sleep; breathing and heart rate slow; alpha waves.

Stage 2

Deeper relaxation; theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes.

Stage 3

Deep/slow-wave sleep; delta waves; heart rate and breathing slow further.

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movements, dreaming, and voluntary muscle paralysis. Brain activity is similar to wakefulness.

Easy to wake up → What stage?

Stage 1 because it is the lightest stage of sleep.

Voluntary muscles are paralyzed → What stage?

REM sleep.

Manifest Content

The actual events/content of a dream.

Latent Content

The hidden meaning behind a dream.

Sigmund Freud & Dreams

Dreams provide access to the unconscious.

Lucid Dream

You realize you are dreaming and may be able to control the dream.

Parasomnia

Unwanted movements or experiences during sleep.

Tolerance

Needing more of a drug to get the same effect.

Withdrawal

Negative symptoms that occur when drug use is stopped.

Agonist

Facilitates or strengthens a neurotransmitter's activity.

Antagonist

Blocks or impedes a neurotransmitter's activity.

Depressant

Drug that decreases/suppresses central nervous system activity.

Stimulant

Drug that increases overall neural activity.

Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that affect the brain by interacting with neurotransmitter systems.

GABA Agonists

Substances that increase GABA activity, producing effects such as reduced nervous-system activity.

NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement)

Stages 1, 2, and 3.

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

Dreaming, rapid eye movements, and voluntary muscle paralysis.