Found. of Nutrition - Final Exam (Life Cycles Table)

What macronutrients should Females struggling with infertility intake more of

more plant protein

more PUFA (especially omega-3)

What micronutrients (vitamins) should Females struggling with infertility intake more of

Vitamin C, D, E

Vitamin B6, B9 (Folate), B12

What micronutrients (minerals) should Females struggling with infertility intake more of

Iron, zinc, iodine, copper, selenium

What supplements should Females struggling with infertility take

multivitamin with folic acid and omega-3

What lifestyle should Females struggling with infertility be adopting

healthy BW

don’t smoke + avoid alcohol

limit caffeine

What healthy dietary pattern should Females struggling with infertility be following

mediterranean diet + eat more iron-rich foods

Females struggling with infertility should increase these thyroid important nutrients

protein, iodine, selenium, iron, zinc

What macronutrients should Males struggling with infertility intake more of

more lean protein (veggies - but watch soy)

more PUFA

less saturated fats

What micronutrients (vitamins) should Males struggling with infertility intake more of

Vitamin C, E, Carotenoids

What supplements should Males struggling with infertility take

antioxidants and omega-3

Vitamin C and E

What lifestyle should Males struggling with infertility be adopting

healthy BW

don’t smoke, avoid marijuana + LIMIT alcohol

limit caffeine

Exercise 150min/wk

What healthy dietary pattern should Males struggling with infertility be following

2.5 cups veggies/day

2 cups fruit/day

3 serv whole grains/day

3 serv low-fat dairy/day

To determine how much protein a pregnant women needs, you would use her ______ NOT previous weight

current weight

Example of protein calculation

13wks, 152lbs

152lbs / 2.2 = 69.0909 kg

69.0909 × 0.8 protein = 55g/day

If a pregnant woman is carrying twins, how much more protein does she need to consume

+25mg for each extra baby

Why are pregnant women’s protein intakes more than a nonpregnant women

placental development

fetal and maternal tissue growth

increased maternal blood volume (40-50%)

amniotic fluid

What should a pregnant women’s carb intake be per day (note: 130g/day for pre-pregnant)

175g/day

What should a pregnant women’s fiber intake be per day (note: 25g/day for pre-pregnant)

28g/day

What should a pregnant women’s lipid intake look like

increased omega-3 (fish NOT supplement) and omega-6

What micronutrients (vitamins) should pregnant women intake more of

Folate

Vitamin D and B12

Why would a pregnant women want to intake more folate

DNA synthesis and fetal growth

**Supplementing prior to pregnancy = dec risk of premature delivery

Why would a pregnant women want to intake more vitamin D

bone growth, immune function, cell division

Can stored B12 cross the placenta in a pregnant women

NO!

What micronutrients (minerals) should pregnant women intake more of

calcium, iron (x2 = 27mg), iodine, sodium, copper

Why would a pregnant women want to intake more calcium

absorption doubles during pregnancy

critical for fetal bone development (80% accumulates in fetus in 3rd tri)

Why would a pregnant women want to intake more iron

RDA doubles in pregnancy (27mg)

deficiency increases risk of postpartum depression

Why would a pregnant women want to intake more iodine

severe deficiency impairs fetal neurodevelopment

Is restriction of sodium (<2300mg/d) beneficial during pregnancy

NO!

**Does NOT help gestational HTN

What supplements should pregnant women take

prenatal with folic acid and iron

**1-3x/wk on nonconsecutive days

What lifestyle should pregnant women be adopting

DON’T stress

Limit caffeine (<200mg no evidence of risk)

Watch for foodborne risk

minimum 150 moderate exercise/wk

What healthy dietary pattern should pregnant women be following

DASH diet (plant based) - normalize sodium/potassium balance

salt restriction NOT advised

Metabolism increases 15% during pregnancy, what is their calorie/energy requirements for each trimester

1st = +0 Cal/d

2nd (13-26wk) = +340 Cal/d

3rd (27-42wk) = +450 Cal/d

In pregnant women, monitor nausea and vomiting for

hyperemesis gravidarum

**supplement w/ginger or B6

Development Origins of Health and disease says these methylation vitamins are critical for epigenetics

folate (B9), B6, B12

Prenatal stress - Cortisol is inactivated by __________ during pregnancy

11 B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11B-HSD2)

Maternal cortisol is ______ linked to fetal brain growth causing alterations in _____

inversely; HPA axis

____ fetus’s are MC affected by cortisol changes

boy

What is the #1 complication of childbirth

postpartum depression (PPD)

**peaks at 12wks PP

What micronutrients can be supplemented in pregnant women to help decrease their risk of PPD

omega-3, iron, zinc, magesium, B6, folate (B9), DHA

What scale is used for PPD

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

• 10 questions using 4 point Likert scale

• Cutoff >8

• Sensitivity = 80%

• Specificity = 87%

What causes a lactating female’s protein to increase past the 1.1g/kg

C-section = additional 25-50g/day

What should a lactating women’s carb intake be per day (note: 130g/day for pre-pregnant)

210g/day

What should a lactating women’s fiber intake be per day (note: 25g/day for pre-pregnant)

28g/day

What micronutrients (vitamins) should lactating females intake more of

folate

vitamin D and K

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), B6, B12

What micronutrients (minerals) should lactating females intake more of

iron, iodine, calcium

What supplements should lactating females take

prenatals, vitmain D, omega-3

What supplements are warranted for lactating females who are vegetarian

vitamin D and B12

What lifestyle should lactating females be adopting

limit caffeine and alcohol

increase galactagogues

Galactagogues (milk production stimulants)

oats, barley, beans, almonds

DGLV, apricots, dates, figs

fenugreek (smell like maple syrup)

What are lactating females calorie/energy and liquid requirements postpartum

0-6 months = +330 Cal/d

>6 months = +400 Cal/d

3L of fluid/d

Lactating females (if able) should breastfeed exclusively for the

first 6 months

We want infants to be 2x their body weight by

6 months

We want infants to be 3x their body weight by

1 year

Iron RDAs

0-6 months = 0.27mg/d

6-12 months = 11mg/d

1-3 years = 7mg/d

4-5 years = 10mg/d

What micronutrients (vitamins) should infants intake more of

Vitamin D, K, B12

**more concerned if breastfeeding mother is vegan

What micronutrients (minerals) should lactating females intake more of

iron and iodine

**Iron most important mineral for breastfed infants

Iron monitoring - Term infants

4-6 months of iron

Iron Monitoring - Delayed cord clamping (minimum 30s)

1.25 months of iron

Iron Monitoring - Heme iron absorption from breastmilk

50% (terrible source of iron)

Iron Monitoring - Nonheme iron absorption from formula

<12%

What supplements should infants take

vitamin D (400 IU/d) and iron (if breastfed)

What are two things you should avoid giving infants

honey and corn syrup (clostridium botulinum)

Limit juice - 1-6years

4-6oz/d MAX

What juice is easier on infant’s stomachs

white grape juice (b/c no sorbitol, no gas)

Feeding capacity - Day 1

5-7mL (marble)

Feeding capacity - Day 3

22-27mL (ping pong ball)

Feeding capacity - Day 10

60-81mL (XL egg)

What vitamin injection is important at birth

vitamin K

What does deficiency of vitamin K in infants cause

brain bleeds

Deficiency of vitamin K is MC in

breastfed infants

Complementary foods introduced

4-6 months

Timeline of feeding (3-5d btw adding new foods - allergies) - 0-6 months

breastmilk/formula, vitamin D, iron

Timeline of feeding - 6-8 months

iron-containing foods (fortified cereals, pureed meats, beans)

pureed veggies and fruits

cooked eggs

Timeline of feeding - 8-10 months

yogurt, grain products, fruits/veggies, legumes, hard cheeses

Timeline of feeding - 10-12 months

finger foods, chopped fruits/veggies

sippy cup (water)

When to introduce water

6-12 months

When to introduce honey, corn syrup and cow’s milk (whole milk 1-2yr, 2% until 5yo)

>12 months

_____ can lead to Cow’s milk anemia (common in 1-2yo)

>24oz/d

What percentage of younger children’s calories be carbs

45-65%

Younger children fiber intake - 1-3yo

19g/d

Younger children fiber intake - 4-8yo

25g/d

Younger children fiber intake - 9-18yo GIRLS

26g/d

Younger children fiber intake - 9-13yo BOYS

31g/d

Younger children fiber intake - 14-18yo BOYS

38g/d

What percentage of younger children’s calories be fat

30% (MUFAs and PUFAs - fish, nuts, veg oils)

What micronutrients (vitamins) should younger children intake more of

vitamin D

What micronutrients (minerals) should younger children intake more of

iron, calcium, sodium

Food jags are common (periods of liking/disliking periods)

2-3yr = try food at least 10x

4-5yr = try food at least 11-15x

Food aversions and neophobia increases the likelihood of

constipation

What lifestyle should younger children be adopting

increase physical activity

offer them plenty of fruits and veggies

Nutritional concerns for younger children - Iron

MC nutritional deficiency <2yo

Nutritional concerns for younger children - Lead

blood levels tested at 1yr

**can have significant impact on CNS

Go foods (eat anytime)

beans, fruit, dairy, meat, oats

Slow foods (eat sometimes)

waffles, PB sandwiches, chicken wings, crackers, grilled cheese

Woah foods (once in a while)

fries, soda, fried food, candy, chips

What should adolescent child’s carb intake be per day

130g/d

What is the average US fiber intake for adolescence (10-19yo)

12-16g

What micronutrients (vitamins) should adolescent children intake more of

vitamin D and folate (females)

What are the most important nutrients for teen pregnancies

folate, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D

What micronutrients (minerals) should adolescent children intake more of

iron (females) and calcium