ANS 205 Exam 2- MCQ'S, SA Questions, Extra Material

___________________is the storage site for calcium in the skeletal muscle fiber.

Select one:

a.

Sarcoplasm

b.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

c.

Sarcolemma

d.

Both a and b

B. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Which statement is NOT true about the cardiac muscles?

Select one:

a.

Cardiac muscles have intercalated discs and muscle cells occur in syncytium.

b.

Cardiac muscles are an intermediate between smooth and skeletal muscle in their contraction physiology.

c.

Cardiac muscles have sarcomeres.

d.

Cardiac muscles have motor neuron innervations.

D. Cardiac muscles have motor neuron innervations.

___________________is the functional contractile unit of the skeletal muscle fiber.

Select one:

a.

Sarcomere

b.

Sarcoplasm

c.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

d.

Sarcolemma

A. Sarcomere

In smooth muscle, Ca2+ for the contraction step comes from

Select one:

a.

Calcium channels in cell membrane

b.

Calcium channels in Sarcoplasmic reticulum

c.

Calcium channels in the cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum

d.

None of the above

A. Calcium channels in cell membrane

Which about smooth muscle contraction is FALSE?

Select one:

a.

C a2+ initiates contraction

b.

Troponin plays the same role as in skeletal muscle.

c.

It uses actin and myosin cross-bridges to create force

d.

It can occur without a change in membrane potential

B. Troponin plays the same role as in skeletal muscle.

Which statement is NOT true about the synaptic cleft?

Select one:

a.

It is a physical space equal to an inch

b.

It is a space between a neuron and a muscle fiber

c.

It is the space into which neurotransmitters

d.

It is a space between a neuron and a neuron

A. It is a physical space equal to an inch

What are the two parts of the ANS and what do they help with?

Parasympathetic (stress preparation) & Sympathetic (stress recovery)

What is the nature of spinal nerves ?

Mixed

Which of the following is a part of the Central Nervous System?

-Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

Which meningeal space is utilized for harvesting cerebrospinal fluid?

Sub-arachnoid space

Which of these two senses are known as chemical senses?

Gustation and Olfaction

Name the mucous membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.

Tympanic Membrane

Which is the correct statement about the sense of balance and equilibrium?

Angular acceleration is associated with semicircular canals

Which of the following is a correct function of the humors of the eye?

-Maintain intraocular pressure

-Remove waste products

-Provide nutrition to cornea and lens

Which of the following is a true statement about the cornea?

It is clear to allow light to enter the eye.

Which route has hormones that pass through gap junctions between the cells?

Epicrine Route

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that isn't directly secreted by endocrine glands?

-Erythropoietin

-Gastrin

-Secretin

Which are the essential components of the definition of a hormone?

-Cause a specific regulatory effect

-Produced by ductless glands

-Released into the bloodstream

What is the function of ADH and where is it produced?

Regulates fluid by retaining water in blood; Hypothalamus

Which is an example of positive feedback regulation?

Increased oxytocin causes myometrial contractions needed for parturition

Which are the functions of Blood?

-Assist with body's defense mechanisms

-Assist with prevention of blood loss

-Assist in maintaining body pH

Which is a constituent of plasma?

-Gases

-Proteins

-Ions

What statements are true for describing erythrocyte?

-It is biconcave disc

-It contains hemoglobin

-Mature erythrocyte has NO nucleus

True Statements for Wright's Stain

-It utilizes two dies

-Agranulocytes do not take up the stain

-It has Methylene Blue as a basic die

Correct statement for Hemostasis

To stop bleeding a clot must form

Which structure of the heart is prone to holes when the walls are being formed?

Atrial Septum

A true statement about the differences between veins and arteries?

Veins offer lesser resistance to flow than arteries

Why does the hepatic portal system bring blood to the liver?

To render harmful toxins innocuous

During atrial systole, what is happening to the Atria (A), Ventricles (V), AV valve (AV), and SL valves (SL)?

A: Contract V: Relax AV: Open SL: Shut

Ways blood pressure is regulated?

-Neural reflexes

-Paracrine agents

-Humoral agents

*Discuss the excitation of a skeletal muscle cell. Please start from the step where sodium arrives at neuronal terminal ending and number your steps.

1- Calcium ion channels open to let Ca inside of the neuronal terminal endings.

2- Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the somatic motor neuron, which initiates an action potential.

3- ACh is then emptied into the synaptic cleft.

4- Finally, Ach binds to its receptor, then allowing sodium inside of the muscle cell to depolarize/excite it.

*Explain the contraction of a smooth muscle cell. Please start from an already depolarized cell membrane and number your steps.

1- Due to a depolarized cell membrane, first Ca^2+ ions are increased when Ca^2+ enters the cell and is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

2- Due to the arrival of calcium ions, Ca^2+ binds to calmodulin.

3- The binding of Ca^2+ to calmodulin activates a protein enzyme, which is myosin light chain kinase.

4- Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads, which increases myosin ATPase activity.

5- Myosin filament binds to actin filament, which causes a crossbridge to form.

6- Crossbridges of active myosin slide along actin, which leads to the shortening of smooth muscle and creates muscle tension.

7- The shortening of smooth muscle and muscle tension causes the tension to bring dense bodies of cells close together for smooth muscle contraction.

*Using the sliding filament model, describe the role of the thick and thin filaments during skeletal muscle cell contraction.

The role of the thick and thin filaments (myosin and actin) during skeletal muscle cell contraction is to create muscle tension. During skeletal muscle cell contraction, the thin filaments (actin) slide past the thick filaments (myosin) and they overlap which causes the sarcomere to shorten while the filaments stay the same length. **The thick filaments are attached to thin filaments, and so pull them towards the center of the sarcomere or M line.**

*What is a reflex arc?

A reflex arc is an entire neural circuit that consists of ascending arm (afferent/sensory) and descending arm (efferent/motor).

*What are 2 types of reflexes?

-Cranial Reflexes

-Spinal Reflexes

*What are 2 examples of a cranial reflex?

-Pupillary reflex (size of pupil bc of light)

-Palpebral reflex (blinking)

*What are 2 examples of a spinal reflex?

-Withdrawal reflex (flight mode/moving hand away)

-Knee jerk reflex (movement when knee is tapped/doctor's office ex.)

*Define Meninges. Mention the layers of meninges and their unique features. What are the 2 clinical manipulations that can be done in spinal meninges (discus the spaces along with the clinical manipulation)

Meninges are three connective tissue layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The three layers of meninges are the pia mater, the arachnoid mater, and the dura mater. The pia mater is the deepest layer of the meninges and is delicate. It also forms a sheath around blood vessels. The arachnoid mater is the middle layer and has web-like filaments. The arachnoid mater is also filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that cushions. The dura mater is the outermost layer and is a tough fibrous covering that helps with the periosteum. There are two clinical manipulations that can be done in spinal meninges. These two clinical manipulations are epidural shots and spinal taps. Both of these manipulations are given in the lower back (lumbar region). Epidural shots are given in the epidural space within dura mater and spinal taps are in the subarachnoid space within the arachnoid mater. Typically, epidural shots basically numb your nerves and are given for childbirth and spinal taps remove CSF from the subarachnoid space to check for diseases, give medicine like anesthesia, etc.

*Create a table to discuss any 5 physiological differences in the two arms of the Autonomic Nervous system. Please be detailed of your labeling in each column and row and do not write one or two words to discuss the physiological differences.

SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC

Pupil: Dilates, Assumes normal size according to light

Salivary glands: Stop producing saliva, Saliva production resumes.

Respiratory System: Respiratory rate increases, RR decreases

CV System: Heart Rate increases, HR decreases

Digestive System: Functions stop, Functions resume