BIOL 2402 - Anatomy and Physiology II Study Guide for Class Test III (CH 22 and 23)

Vocabulary flashcards covering the immune and respiratory systems outlined in the BIOL 2402 Class Test III study guide (Chapters 22 and 23).

Virus

A type of microbial infectious agent.

Innate defenses

Immune defenses organized into a first line and second line of defense, involving white blood cells and natural killer cells.

Apoptosis

A cellular process associated with defense actions by natural killer cells in innate immunity.

Pattern recognition receptor

A receptor involved in the body's innate defense mechanisms.

Classical pathway

A specific pathway of complement activation.

Complement system antimicrobial actions

Defensive actions executed by the complement system, comprising opsonization, inflammation, lysis, and elimination of immune complexes.

Diapedesis

A cellular event occurring during the inflammatory process.

Pus

A fluid formed as a result of the inflammatory process.

Fever

An elevation of body temperature that involves pyrogen activity and concludes with defervescence.

Pyrogen

A chemical or agent that acts to produce a fever by elevating body temperature.

Defervescence

An event occurring during the course of a fever where body temperature decreases.

Adaptive immunity

A branch of immunity comprising two distinct types: cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

Cell-mediated immunity

One of the two primary types of adaptive immunity, mediated by T-lymphocytes.

Antibody-mediated immunity

One of the two primary types of adaptive immunity, mediated by B-lymphocytes and antibodies.

Self-antigen and foreign antigen

Two categories of antigens distinguished by the immune system.

Epitope

A specific structural site or component associated with an antigen.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Molecules categorized into two classes (MHC I and MHC II) found on cells including APC cells.

MHC I and MHC II

The two functional classes of major histocompatibility complex proteins.

Positive selection and negative selection

Two sequential selection processes occurring during the formation of T-lymphocytes in thymic selection.

Helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Two functional subtypes of T-lymphocytes that undergo thymic selection and activation.

Antibody structure

A biochemical protein structure composed of a variable region and a constant region.

Five major classes of antibodies

The immunoglobulin classes consisting of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

Immunologic actions of antibodies

Defensive actions carried out by antibodies, including neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and opsonization.

Active immunity and passive immunity

Two forms of immunity that differ in how protective immunity is acquired.

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

The two functional organizations of the respiratory system.

Upper respiratory tract

The anatomical division of the respiratory system comprising the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

Lower respiratory tract

The anatomical division of the respiratory system comprising the trachea, bronchial tree, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

Rhinorrhea and laryngitis

Clinical conditions affecting structures of the upper respiratory tract.

Respiratory membrane

A respiratory exchange structure functionally associated with three different types of alveolar cells.

Visceral and parietal pleura

The two serous pleural layers enclosing the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation

Ventilatory measurements that evaluate pulmonary airflow in conjunction with anatomic dead space.

Spirometer

An instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities.

Chloride shift

A physiological mechanism involved in the transport of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ in the blood.

Bohr effect

A physiological phenomenon influencing the binding and transport of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ by hemoglobin in the blood.

Hemoglobin

A protein that functions in the transport of $O_2$, $CO_2$, and $H^+$ ions in the blood.