CJUS 214- Chapter 3

Psychopharmacology

__________________________ examines how psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system.

central nervous system

CNS stands for __________________________

muscles and glands

After receiving and processing information, the brain sends commands to _____________ and __________________________.

reward

The areas of the brain that produce pleasurable sensations are known as the __________________________ circuit.

neurons

Psychoactive chemicals disrupt the ways __________________________ normally send, receive, and process information.

reward

Almost all abused drugs produce pleasure by activating the brain's __________________________ system.

prefrontal

The __________________________ cortex is the area of the brain associated with planning, reasoning, and impulse control.

adulthood

The prefrontal cortex remains immature until early __________________________.

adolescent

Research indicates that the __________________________ brain is more responsive to drugs and more vulnerable to drug use than the adult brain.

neuron

A __________________________ is the basic working unit of the CNS.

chemical and electronic

Neurons communicate through alternating _________ and __________________________ activity.

neurotransmitters

Neurons communicate using chemicals called __________________________.

synapses

Neurons are separated by two types of __________________________.

excitatory

__________________________ synapses enhance electrical impulses.

inhibitory

__________________________ synapses retard electrical impulses.

receptors

Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind to __________________________ on the adjoining neuron.

lock and key

The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors is compared to a __________________________ action.

dopamine

__________________________ plays an important role in mood, motivation, and the reward process.

pleasure

Psychoactive drugs can trigger the release of dopamine in areas of the brain associated with __________________________.

neurotransmitters

Continued drug use may diminish the supply of __________________________, reducing the drug's ability to affect the brain's reward system.

users

Testing biological theories of drug abuse is limited to working with laboratory animals and current __________________________.

impact

The same psychoactive substance can have a different __________________________ on different people.

dysphoria

One person's euphoria may be another person's __________________________.

disease

The __________________________ model emphasizes the involuntary nature of drug use.

craving

Under the disease model, drug use may be based on a strong __________________________.

neurotransmitters

The body of a drug-dependent person may malfunction in the production of crucial __________________________.

central

Some psychoactive chemicals alter the __________________________ nervous system.

exposed

Environmental factors may determine whether someone is __________________________ to drugs.

gentics

__________________________ may help explain why only some people who are exposed to drugs become drug dependent.

half

According to the PowerPoint, roughly __________________________ of a person's risk for addiction is genetic.

amount

Drug effects depend partly on the __________________________ of the drug taken.

manner

A user's past drug __________________________ can influence the effects of a drug

circumstances

The __________________________ in which a drug is taken can influence its effects.

Polydrug

__________________________ drug use means consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical.

alcohol

Heroin users commonly use heroin with other drugs, especially cocaine and __________________________.

cocaine

Alcohol is frequently used to moderate the effects of __________________________.

antagonistic

The neurological effects of mixing drugs can be additive, synergistic, potentiating, or __________________________.

fast

The route by which a drug enters the bloodstream affects how __________________________ it enters the brain.

injection

The three methods of drug ingestion discussed in the PowerPoint are oral ingestion, inhalation, and __________________________.

oral

__________________________ ingestion occurs when a substance is swallowed.

slowest

Oral ingestion is the __________________________ method of reaching the bloodstream

mucus

During inhalation, a substance may be sniffed and absorbed through the __________________________ membranes

lungs

A smoked substance can be quickly absorbed through the __________________________

vein

With injection, a substance is injected directly into a _________________________

tolerance

__________________________ is the progressive increase in the body's ability to adapt to the effects of a drug used regularly.

larger

As tolerance develops, progressively __________________________ doses may be needed to produce the same effects

10x

According to the PowerPoint, eventually as much as __________________________ times the original dose may be safely taken

homeostasis

__________________________ is a state of equilibrium achieved through the body's self-adjusting characteristics

withdrawal

Failure to ingest enough of a drug after tolerance develops may cause __________________________ symptoms

toxicity

The __________________________ of a drug is affected by tolerance

some psychoactive drugs

According to the PowerPoint, __________________________ may not produce tolerance

withdrawal

Children born to heroin-addicted mothers may experience __________________________ symptoms

pneumonia

Infants born to heroin-addicted mothers may experience problems including small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and _________________________

oxygen

Cocaine use during pregnancy reduces the supply of blood and __________________________ to the fetus.

ectopic

Smoking tobacco increases a woman's risk of __________________________ pregnancy

birth

Tobacco use during pregnancy has been linked to low __________________________ weight

syndrome

Alcohol use during pregnancy may cause Fetal Alcohol _______________

deformities

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can cause growth deficiency and head and facial ____________________

joint and limb abnormalities; heart

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome may also cause ______________ and __________________________ defects

sex and eating

What are two examples of pleasure?