CH13

Database

A formally defined, centrally controlled data repository for multiple applications.

Data Sharing

The capability to share data across different applications.

Metadata

Data about data, describing its structure and meaning.

Entities

Distinct objects or events represented in a database, like customers or orders.

Relationships

Connections between entities in a database, categorized as 1:1, 1:M, or M:N.

Normalization

The process of eliminating redundancy and anomalies in database design.

1NF

First Normal Form; removes repeating groups in database tables.

2NF

Second Normal Form; eliminates partial dependencies within database tables.

3NF

Third Normal Form; removes transitive dependencies in database tables.

Primary Keys

Unique identifiers for a record in a database table, cannot be null.

Foreign Keys

Field in a table that links to the primary key of another table.

Integrity Constraints

Rules that ensure the accuracy and consistency of data in a database.

Data Warehouse

Subject-oriented data repository for analysis, containing summarized historical data.

OLAP

Online Analytical Processing, optimized for complex queries and analysis.

Business Intelligence (BI)

Combines data storage, knowledge management, and analytics to support decision-making.

Data Lakes

Stores raw, unstructured data with a flexible schema compared to rigid data warehouses.

Blockchain

An immutable, decentralized ledger used for secure transactions and tracking.

Decentralization

The distribution of data ownership and control away from a central authority.

Schema-on-write

Data structure defined when data is written to the database.

Schema-on-read

Data structure defined when data is read from the database.

Data Anomalies

Inconsistencies or errors observed in a database due to poor design.

Insertion Anomaly

The inability to add data due to missing key information.

Deletion Anomaly

Unintended loss of related data due to the removal of a data record.

Update Anomaly

Inconsistent changes across records due to lack of normalization.

Denormalization

Deliberate process of adding redundancy for performance optimization.

Indexing

Creating an index for faster query execution on key fields.

Partitioning

Dividing large database tables into smaller, more manageable pieces.

Data Mining

The process of extracting patterns and insights from large datasets.

Clustering

Grouping of similar data points to identify natural segments within datasets.

Trends

Longitudinal changes observed in data over time, such as sales patterns.

Decision Trees

Analytical method used for decision analysis and predictive modeling.

Smart Contracts

Self-executing contracts with terms written into code.

SQL Injection

A security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with an application's database queries.

Encryption

The process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access.

Surrogate Keys

Unique identifiers for records that are not derived from application data.

Cascading Rules

Rules that automatically delete or update related data in a database.

Performance

The speed and efficiency of database operations in accessing and processing data.

Scalability

The capability of a system to handle growth in data and user load.

Web 3.0

The vision for a decentralized internet where users control their own data.

Forecasting Models

Analytical methods used to predict future outcomes based on historical data.

Slice-and-Dice Analysis

The ability to break down data into smaller components for detailed analysis.

Ad-hoc Queries

On-demand queries that are generated spontaneously to retrieve specific data.

Reality

The actual world being modeled in a database.

Data

Representations of real-world entities or events.

Data Structure

The organization of data elements and their relationships.