7A: genes and chromosomes + biomolecules

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42 Terms

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biomolecules

  • an organic molecule

  • a molecule that is produced by a living organism and is essential for carrying out biological processes


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organic

  • …means the molecule is made up of carbon atoms (bonded with H)


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carbohydrates / lipids / proteins / nucleic acids

  • what elements are they made of?

  • what monomer are they made up of?

  • where are they found in an animal?

  • examples and what functions they have


knowt flashcard image
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function of DNA

  • primary long-term storage molecule for genetic info in all living organisms


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nucleotides

  • the monomers of DNA → forms polymer

    • monomers = small, basic molecules that join together

  • phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar


<ul><li><p>the <strong>monomers </strong>of <strong>DNA </strong>→ forms polymer </p><ul><li><p>monomers = small, basic <strong>molecules</strong> that <strong>join together </strong></p></li></ul></li><li><p>phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar </p></li></ul><p></p>
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what sugar is DNA made of?

  • deoxyribose


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polymer

  • substance that composed of many monomers joined / linked / bonded together

  • DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotide monomers bonded together


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DNA structure + how the strands are linked

  • DNA is made up of two polymer strands

    • double stranded molecule

  • strands linked together by complementary base pairing

    • A, T (2 hydrogen bonds)

    • C, G (3 hydrogen bonds)


<ul><li><p>DNA is made up of two <strong>polymer </strong>strands </p><ul><li><p>double stranded molecule </p></li></ul></li><li><p>strands linked together by <strong>complementary base pairing </strong></p><ul><li><p>A, T (2 hydrogen bonds)</p></li><li><p>C, G (3 hydrogen bonds)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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DNA locations

  • eukaryotic cell

    • chloroplast / nucleus / mitochondria

  • prokaryotic cell

    • chromosome / plasmids


<ul><li><p>eukaryotic cell </p><ul><li><p>chloroplast / nucleus / mitochondria </p></li></ul></li><li><p>prokaryotic cell </p><ul><li><p>chromosome / plasmids </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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chromatin

  • makes up the chromosomes inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

    • consists of DNA and protein

  • major proteins in chromatin are histones

    • packages for DNA


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gene

  • basic unit of inheritance by which hereditary characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring

    • code for proteins

    • make up DNA

      • specified in the sequence of bases

    • located on locus



<ul><li><p>basic unit of <strong>inheritance</strong> by which hereditary characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring</p><ul><li><p>code for <strong>proteins</strong></p></li><li><p>make up DNA</p><ul><li><p>specified in the sequence of bases</p></li></ul></li><li><p>located on <strong>locus</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p></p>
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alleles

  • variation of a gene found at a specific loci on a chromosome

  • an individual inherits two copies of each gene


<ul><li><p><strong>variation </strong>of a <strong>gene</strong> found at a specific <strong>loci</strong> on a chromosome </p></li><li><p>an individual inherits two copies of each gene </p></li></ul><p></p>
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genome

  • complete set of DNA contained within an organisms’ chromosomes


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chromosomes

  • a package of DNA containing part of or all of the genetic material of an organism


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centromere

  • point where spindle fibres can attach to the chromosome during cell division

  • links sister chromatids together


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non-dividing cell

  • unduplicated

  • made of 1 DNA molecule


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dividing cell

  • duplicated

  • made of 2 identical molecules of DNA called sister chromatids


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chromosome labelling

  • p → short arm

  • q → long arm


<ul><li><p>p → short arm </p></li><li><p>q → long arm </p></li></ul><p></p>
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telomere

  • protective cap of repetitive DNA sequences that protects the ends of chromosomes from fusing with other chromosomes in the nucleus


<ul><li><p>protective cap of <strong>repetitive DNA sequences</strong> that protects the ends of chromosomes from fusing with other chromosomes in the nucleus </p></li></ul><p></p>
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homologous chromosomes

  • one pair of chromosomes with the same:

    • length of DNA / size

    • banding pattern

    • centromere location

    • gene loci

  • pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same order of genes but different alleles


<ul><li><p>one pair of chromosomes with the same:</p><ul><li><p>length of DNA / size</p></li><li><p>banding pattern</p></li><li><p>centromere location</p></li><li><p>gene loci</p></li></ul></li><li><p>pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the <strong>same order</strong> of <strong>genes</strong> but <strong>different</strong> alleles </p></li></ul><p></p>
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karyotype

  • photograph to visualise chromosomes

    • can check for genetic abnormalities


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autosomal chromosomes

  • non-sex chromosomes

  • 1-22 chromosomes


<ul><li><p>non-sex chromosomes </p></li><li><p>1-22 chromosomes </p></li></ul><p></p>
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sex chromosomes

  • determine the sex / gender of the organism

  • pair 23


<ul><li><p>determine the <strong>sex / gender</strong> of the organism </p></li><li><p>pair 23 </p></li></ul><p></p>
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sex chromosomes in other animals

  • in birds and reptiles they show the opposite pattern for determining gender

    • e.g. females ZW / male ZZ

  • in some species there is no designated sex determining chromosomes

    • e.g. temperature, haploid or diploid, chromosome number



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chromosomes abnormalities

  • numerical

    • known as aneuploidy or polyploidy caused by non-disjunction of chromosomes

  • structural

    • part of an individual chromosome has alterations to its gene nucleotide sequence

  • leads to:

    • miscarriages, disorders, disease, issues in growth and development


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aneuploidy

  • chromosomal abnormality in which an organism possesses an incorrect number of chromosomes

    • caused by addition or loss of chromosome

  1. monosomy

  2. trisomy

  3. tetrasomy


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monosomy

  • one missing chromosme

  • 2n-1


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trisomy

  • one extra chromosome

  • 2n + 1


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tetrasomy

  • two extra chromosomes

  • 2n + 2


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polyploidy

  • chromosomal abnormality in which an organism has more than two sets of each chromosome

    • e.g. 3n = 69 instead of 2n = 46


<ul><li><p>chromosomal abnormality in which an organism has <strong>more </strong>than two sets of each chromosome</p><ul><li><p>e.g. 3n = 69 instead of 2n = 46</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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structural errors in chromosomes

  1. deletion

  2. duplication

  3. inversion

  4. translocation


<ol><li><p>deletion </p></li><li><p>duplication </p></li><li><p>inversion</p></li><li><p>translocation </p></li></ol><p></p>
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deletion

  • removal of a chromosome segment


<ul><li><p><strong>removal</strong> of a chromosome <strong>segment </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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duplication

  • a segment is repeated


<ul><li><p>a segment is <strong>repeated </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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inversion

  • a segment is reversed


<ul><li><p>a segment is <strong>reversed</strong> </p></li></ul><p></p>
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translocation

  • segment is moved to another non-homologous chromosome


<ul><li><p>segment is moved to another <strong>non-homologous </strong>chromosome </p></li></ul><p></p>
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hybrids

  • organism that is created by cross-breeding

    • belong to the same genetic group

  • e.g. mule → parents are male horse


<ul><li><p>organism that is created by <strong>cross-breeding </strong></p><ul><li><p><em>belong to the same genetic group</em></p></li></ul></li><li><p>e.g. mule → parents are male horse </p></li></ul><p></p>
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trisomy 21

down syndrome

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trisomy 18

edwards syndrome

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trisomy 13

patau syndrome

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X0

turners syndrome

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XXY

klinefelter syndrome

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linked genes

  • the genes are closely located on the same chromosome and tends to be inherited together during cell division