Raplh Turner (1960)

What is Turner's main argument?

Societies organize upward mobility through different systems that shape competition and elite selection.

What is contest mobility?

A system where individuals compete for upward mobility, with opportunities remaining open relatively late.

What is sponsored mobility?

A system where established elites select and prepare individuals for higher social positions.

Which country illustrates contest mobility?

The United States.

Which country illustrates sponsored mobility?

Britain.

Who determines advancement in contest mobility?

Success is determined through competition rather than direct selection by an established elite.

Who selects individuals in sponsored mobility?

Established elites or their agents.

When does selection occur in contest mobility?

Relatively late.

When does selection occur in sponsored mobility?

Relatively early.

What belief helps maintain contest mobility?

The belief that individuals can achieve success through continued competition and effort.

What helps maintain sponsored mobility?

Acceptance of elite selection, legitimate authority, and differentiated social roles.

What is the biggest difference between contest and sponsored mobility?

Contest mobility emphasizes open competition; sponsored mobility emphasizes selection by elites.