Palmer - Biochemistry II Exam I review - Dr. Shaw

what 3 enzymes are regulatory in glycolysis?

- hexokinase

- phosphofructokinase

- pyruvate kinase

how many ATP is made from glucose to pyruvate?

4

how many ATP is yielded from glucose to pyruvate?

2

how much ATP is made from DHAP to pyruvate?

2

what process occurs when pyruvate does not have enough oxygen?

Cori cycle; aka: anaerobic glycolysis

glucose to lactate using the cori cycle occurs where/in?

muscle

lactate to pyruvate using the cori cycle occurs where/in?

liver

What goes in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

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* PYRUVATE (starts it) *

- Thiamine pyrophosphate

- FAD

- CoA

- Lipoic acid

- NAD

What goes out pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

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- FAD

- Carbon dioxide

- NADH

- Acetyl-CoA (overall outcome) —> where the Kreb cycle begins

Pyruvate goes through what process when sufficient oxygen is present?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

What enzyme makes pyruvate in the liver?

Lactate dehydrogenase

What is the final product/1st reactant of the Kreb cycle?

Oxaloacetate

products of the Krebs Cycle

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- Citrate

- Isocitrate

- Alpha-ketoglutarate

- Succinyl-CoA

- Succinate

- Fumarate

- Malate

- Oxaloacetate

One pyruvate yields how much ATP equivalent?

12

* (3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP) *

The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields how much ATP?

38

What are the regulatory enzymes in the Kreb cycle?

Citrate synthase

- Isocitrate dehydrogenase

- Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

* Succinate dehydrogenase (on the fence) >>> in both Krebs and ETC *

How much ATP is made from the Kreb cycle?

0 (maybe 1 if 0 is not an option)

What complex takes in NADH in the electron transport chain?

Complex 1

What complex takes in FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

Complex 2

Which complexes move hydrogens?

1, 3, 4

What complex uses ATP synthase?

Complex 5

What is known as the ultimate electron receptor?

Oxygen

Hydrogens from complex 1, 3, and 4 are found where in the mitochondria?

Intermembrane space

Protein complexes are found where in the mitochondria?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

The Kreb cycle happens where?

The matrix of the mitochondria

DHAP becomes what in order to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Glycerol-3-phosphate

How much ATP is gained/lost using the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

1 lost

Oxaloacetate becomes what to go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria?

malate

What does oxaloacetate become to go from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm?

aspartate

An excess of acetyl-CoA will become what?

fat

An excess in glucose uses what process to become glycogen?

Glycogenesis

A decrease in glucose will cause what process to be used in order to get more glucose?

Glycogenolysis

What maintains the blood glucose concentration?

Liver glycogen

What is used as fuel reserve for the synthesis of ATP?

Muscle glycogen

Glucose made into glucose-6-phosphate for storage uses what enzyme?

Glucokinase

Glucose made into glucose-6-phosphate for energy uses what enzyme?

Hexokinase

Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate uses what enzyme?

Phosphoglucomutase

What enzymes make alpha 1-4 bonds?

- Glycogen synthase

- Debranching

What enzymes break alpha 1-4 bonds?

- Branching

- Debranching

- Glycogen phosphorylase

What enzyme will give you your "free glucose?"

Glucosidase

What hormone is used in glycogenesis?

Insulin

What enzyme is used in glycogenesis?

Glycogen synthase

What hormone is used in the liver for glycogenolysis?

Glucagon

What hormone is used in the muscle for glycogenolysis?

Epinephrine

What enzyme is used for glycogenolysis?

Glycogen phosphorylase

Glycogen is stored where in the cell?

Cytoplasm