Freud + Erikson

Jean Charcot

French physician Freud studied with in order to study his technique of hypnosis

What did Freud suffer from?

Cancer of the jaw. Speculated that he used cocaine to relieve the pain.

Dynamic Approach

The libido is the ability to experience sexual pleasure and the erogenous zones are the oral, anal, and genital areas.

Structural Approach

Id, Ego, and Superego

Id

Seat of innate desires and main source of sexual energy. The spoiled child of the personality. Operates throughout life in dreams and imagination.

Ego

Activities include perception, logical thought, problem solving, and memory. Required for physical and psychological survival.

Repression

A defense mechanism where one denies or forgets danger exists

Reaction formation

Defense mechanism where one acts the opposite from the way they feel

Projection

Defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable behavior to others

Regression

Defense mechanism where one returns to an earlier form of behavior

Fixation

Defense mechanism where one remains at the present level of cognitive development

Sublimation

Defense mechanism where one substitutes a desired object/person for a less desirable one

Compensation

Defense mechanism where one makes up for failure in one area by applying oneself in another area

Identification

Defense mechanism where one adopts the characteristics of an aggressor to make up for one’s inadequacies

Displacement

Defense mechanism where one retaliates against someone other than the one whom retaliation is desired

Superego

Composed of the conscience and ego ideal. Arises when the Oedipus complex is resolved. Tries to do away with the spoiled child of the id.

Conscience

Punishes the child with feelings of guilt.

Ego ideal

Refers to the standards of conduct toward which the child strives. Rewards the child with feelings of positive self-esteem and pride.

Geographic Approach

Unconscious (repressed thoughts and feelings), Preconscious (forms mental images or links words to form language), Perceptual conscious (what a person is aware of any given moment).

Free Association

Psychoanalytical method, patient orally report his/her ongoing stream of thought

Dream analysis

Psychoanalytical method, patient verbally reports mental activity

Transference

Psychoanalytical method, patient has positive and/or negative feelings for therapist

Oral stage

Birth- age 1. Libido is located within the mouth. Principal source of physical pleasure is sucking.

Anal stage

Ages 1-3. Pleasure found in bowel movements. If toilet training is difficult, there’s a possibility of developing an anal personality.

Phallic stage

Ages 3-6. Erogenous zones is in the genital area. This is when the Oedipus complex develops.

Latency stage

Ages 6-11/12. Libido remains repressed and inactive. Primary focus is now school.

Genital stage

Ages 12-13. Libido reemerges. Develops attraction towards opposite sex. Choice of a partner is dependent on the child’s earlier development

Little Hans Case Study

Little Hans had a fear that a white horse with a black muzzle and black blinders would fall on him or bite him. This horse represented his father, stemming from the fear that he would die or leave the family. The fear of biting related to his fear of castration as punishment for masturbation. Little Hans also had dreams of a large giraffe (his father) and a crumpled giraffe (his mother). When he sat on the crumpled giraffe, it represented his possession of his mother due to the Oedipus complex..

Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust

Birth- 2 years. Basic Trust refers to trustfulness of others as well as one’s own trustworthiness. Some mistrust is necessary in order to detect danger or discomfort and to discriminate between honest and dishonest people.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Ages 2-3. The child’s ability to do things for themself is positive. Shame implies that a child is self-conscious about a negative experience, caused by a child’s impulse to bury their face in their hands. Doubt has to do with the unknown, meaning what the child cannot see yet must try to control. The child encounters rules such as where they may have bowel movements or which areas of the house they are allowed to explore.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

Ages 3-5. Child gains enchanted skills in using language, moving about, and handling things allowing their imagination to expand. If a child has experienced a frightening activity, the child must have the initiative to gain a sense of independence or ambition. Guilt arises from Oedipus complex.

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

Ages 5-13. Successful experiences gives the child a sense of industry. Failure brings a sense of inadequacy. Child who has special abilities that are not evoked and nurtured during this stage may develop later in life or not at all.

Stage 5: Identity and Repudiation vs. Identity diffusion

Ages 13-18. Primary concern within this stage is that one’s psychosocial identity reaches its climax. Rapid physiological changes produce new and unfamiliar sexual urges. If the child cannot integrate their roles of identification, they face identity diffusion or crisis, resulting in a fragmented personality. Children who fail to resolve this crisis will later in life display immaturity, intolerance, cruel treatment of others who are different, and an introverted personality.

Stage 6: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation

Ages 20-40. No psychosocial modality within this stage. One aspect of intimacy is a feeling of solidarity of “us” and the defense against “them". If the individual fails regarding their attempts at intimacy in this stage, they retreat into isolation. Social relationships are described as cold and empty.

Stage 7: Generation vs. Stagnation and Self Absorption

Ages 40-60. Generation refers to one’s interests in nurturing and guiding the next generation through child rearing. A lack of generation is expressed by stagnation and self-absorption which leads to a lack of psychological growth.

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair

Ages 60-death. No psychosocial modality within this stage. A person achieves integrity if they accept what they’ve built over a lifetime.

The Anti-Thesis of Integrity is Despair

Regretting what a person has or hasn’t done with their life. Fear of approaching death and disgust with oneself.

Impact of Erikson and Freud

Their psychosexual and psychoanalytic theories have provided a broad perspective on human and child development theory