SSD Test 2, Place, voice, and manner of consonants

frequent and varied sensory experiences

children form more neural networks in response to ____________ and _________

myelination of neurons

what do brains of babies have an exponential increase in

efficiency and speed of neurons to muscles causing improvement in gross and fine motor skills

what do babies increase of myelination of neurons improve?

they are pre-primed to learn new skills

what does a highly plastic brain mean

5

what age does plasticity of the brain really slow down

motor output

children have a limited capacity of _____________

1. the brain has a "child" like form of speech that develops over time into an adult like form

2. the brain has an adult like form of speech from birth, but motor constraints prevent children from achieving them until later ages

what are the 2 theories on speech

diary studies, cross sectional studies, and longitudinal studies

how do we study development of speech?

parent keeps journal of exactly what the child is doing. describe the development of what their child is doing

what is a diary study

take a certain number of children from different ages. cross sectioning them to each other and seeing what they are each doing at those ages

what is cross sectional studies

follow the same kids through their development. checking in to see what is happening at different points during their life

what is a longitudinal studies

we can't identify a disorder if we don't have a baseline understanding of what normal is

what is the clinical relevance of the different kinds of studies

milestone

when "most" children can achieve a skill. if it is missed then that is a red flag for pediatricians to refer

average

the mean age or of when a skill is achieved or the average competency of a skill

everything is smaller and lack of muscle strength

name two ways that the oral cavity, articulators, and/or speech systems might be different in infants than in adults

it is smaller, VF smaller and shorter, larynx is higher and smaller in their throat. higher pitch

what are some differences in anatomy and physiology for an infant for the laryngeal/phonatory system

oral cavity is smaller. tongue is larger in mouth than adult. smaller jaw and pharynx. less motor control

what are some differences in anatomy and physiology for an infant for the articulatory/resonatory system

perception is different. they learn how to perceive sounds in environment

what are some differences in anatomy and physiology for an infant for the auditory system

3 days old

a 1980 study found that infants of what age can distinguish their mother's voice from a strangers

newborns (0-3 months) communicate

what age is this: crying and vegetative sounds

3-6 month old

what age is this: cooing and gooing; crying and vegetative sounds continue; chuckling emerges

6-9 months

what age is this: early or marginal babbling; typically CV; other non-phonemic sounds like laughing and squealing

9-12 months

what age is this: canonical babbling; true vowels and consonants and CVCV syllable shapes

12-18 months

what age is this: true words emerge based on the consonants and vowels the child was already producing when babbling. more complex sounds and syllable shapes emerge as well as jargon

true CV, CVCV, and CV-C productions

what is considered canonical syllables

reduplicated and non-reduplicated

CVCV patterns can be divided into ___________ and ____________ babbling

reduplicated has same syllable (mama)

non-reduplicated has different syllables (badu)

what is the difference between reduplicated and non-reduplicated babbling

sounds in babbling

what can be a predictor of the sounds used in ealry words

late babbling

what is a predictor of late talking

1. must have some similarity phonetically to the target word

2. must be used consistently in the presence of a particular situation or object

what is the 2 criteria for true words

first words and phonetic inventories

what is closely linked at 1-2 years

first words usually have the same sounds that were used in babbling

how are first words and babbling similar

words that contain sounds NOT in their phonetic inventory

what kind of words do children 1-2 years old pay more attention to

4.4

a 2007 study looked at the average number of consonants in one year olds' consonant inventory. how many consonants did the average one year old have?

4-6; 10-15

the range of syllable initial consonants at age 1:0 ranges from _______ consonants, but grows to _________ by age 2

bilabial and alveolar consonants

what do early consonants tended to be

CV, VC, CVCV

what do early syllable shapes tended to be

motor constraints

why are phonological processes very common at age 1-2 years old

reduplication, final consonant deletion, and cluster reduction

what are some of the most common phonological processes

2-5

what is the peak age for referrals, identification and treatment

1. number of sounds in consonant inventory

2. intelligibility

3. percent of consonants correct

4. age of acquisition of phonemes

5. presence or absence of phonological patterns

what are the 5 things considered normal from a variety of domains

/p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ, w, j, h, f/

what are the early 13

/v, dʒ, s, tʃ, l, ʃ, z/

what are the middle 7

/r, ð, ʒ, θ/

what are the late 4

dialect of english, age range tested, and criteria for correctness

many studies have been done to measure when certain sounds should develop but they differ in

p

according to age of acquisition, what consonants should you have a 2 years old

b, t, d, k, g, m, n, f, h, y, w, ŋ

according to age of acquisition, what consonants should you have a 3 years old

v, s, z, sh, ch, j, l

according to age of acquisition, what consonants should you have a 4 years old

ð, ʒ, r

according to age of acquisition, what consonants should you have a 5 years old

θ

according to age of acquisition, what consonants should you have a 6 years old

intelligibility

rating of how much of a child's speech is able to be understood, typically by an unfamiliar listener.

accuracy of phonemes, rate of speech, suprasegmental, concurrent language, voice, or fluency disorders

what can intelligibility be based on

true

true or false: some kids have very inaccurate phonemes but are relatively intelligible. some kids have relatively accurate phonemes but seemingly terrible intelligibility

caregiver

can a stranger or caregiver understand the child better

50%

at 2, a child should be ________ intelligible to strangers

75%

at 3, a child should be ________ intelligible to strangers

90%-100%

at 4, a child should be ________ intelligible to strangers

as an estimated percentage

how do we informally rate intelligibilty

percent consonants correct (PCC)

a measure of accuracy and severity not intelligibility

70%

at age 2, PCC should be around ___________

75-85%

at age 3, PCC ranges from ________

88-93%

at age 4, PCC ranges from_________

# of correctly produced consonants in a sample / total # of consonants in a sample

how do you find the PCC

phonological patterns

systematic patterns seen in typical development that simplify verbal output; thought to be a developmental step that allows children to be understood while expanding their vocabulary despite motor limitations

motor, neurological, or language maturity

why do phonological patterns naturally go away by a certain age

deviant

what are patterns that persist past the age of assimilation are considered

whole classes of sounds not just one phoneme

what does the treatment of phonological patterns target

phonological processes

are persistent patterns called phonological patterns or processes

fronting, stopping, cluster reduction, final consonant deletion, gliding, reduplication, weak syllable deletion

what are typical phonological patterns

fronting

phonemes made at the back of the mouth (velar) are produced at the front of the mouth (alveolar)

stopping

fricative consonants are produced as stop consonants

cluster reduction

2 or 3 element consonant clusters are produced as singletons

final consonant deletion

CVC words (closed syllables) are produced as CV words (open syllables)

gliding

liquid consonants are produced as glide consonants

fronting

what is this an example of: "Bad" for "bag"

stopping

what is this an example of: "pish" for "fish"

cluster reduction

what is this an example of: "top" for "stop"

final consonant deletion

what is this an example of: "ba" for "ball"

gliding

what is this an example of: "yemen" for "lemon"

reduplication

repetition of an initial syllable

reduplication

what is this an example of: "wawa" for "water"

weak syllable deletion

an unstressed syllable is deleted in a multisyllabic word

weak syllable deletion

what is this an example of: "nana" for "banana"

backing, initial consonant deletion, strong syllable deletion

what are atypical phonological patterns

backing

phonemes made at the front of the mouth (alveolar) are produced at the back of the mouth (velar)

backing

what is this an example of: "cop" for "top"

initial consonant deletion

CVC words (closed syllables) are produced as VC words

initial consonant deletion

what is this an example of: "up" for "cup"

strong syllable deletion

a stressed syllable is deleted from a multisyllable word

strong syllable deletion

what is this an example of: "na-sore" for "dinosaur"

86.4%

according to a 2001 study, up to _________ of consonant clusters are mastered at age 3

simple consonant clusters

which develops first simple 2 consonant clusters or complex 3 consonant clusters

3

what age should vowel production be accurate

motor speech disorders

typically vowel errors or vowel distortions are a red flag for _______________

6:11

when do the late 4 sounds develop

1. predicative of reading and writing

2. often difficult for kids with SSD

3. low SES is a risk factor for development

for ages 5+ what are 3 phonological awareness that develop

detection, segmentation, deletion, blending

what are the 4 sub skills of phonological awareness for 5+

detection

what phonological awareness is this: do these words rhyme? mat and rat

segmentation

what phonological awareness is this: (/b/ /a/ /t/) then they say the word

deletion

what phonological awareness is this: say butterfly but then ask what happens when i take away the work fly