Development

Psychology - Development

zygote

fertilized egg

germinal stage

The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception.

embryonic stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.

fetal stage

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth.

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

contact comfort

Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver, studied in monkeys by Harry Harlow

Ainsworth's Strange Situation

looked at quality attachment in young children to their parents in series of separations and reunions with caregivers and interaction with strangers

secure attachment

In the Strange Situation, baby is upset when mother leaves, hesitant to interact with stranger, and happy when mother returns

avoidant attachment

In the Strange Situation, baby is unbothered when mother leaves, interacts well with strangers, and disinterested when mother returns

resistant attachment

In the Strange Situation, baby is intensely distressed when mother leaves, resistant to stranger, and upset when mother returns

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

permissive parenting

style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior

negligent parenting

parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

anal stage

Freud's second psychosexual period during which a child learns to control the bladder and bowel

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

latency stage

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

genital stage

Freud's last stage of psychosexual development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accommodation

adapting or changing our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

law of conservation

things remain the same in mass or volume even if they change shape

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs. Shame

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

preconventional morality

self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

conventional morality

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

post conventional morality

actions reflect belief in social contracts and self-defined ethical principles (doing what is right)

fluid intelligence

the ability to reason speedily and abstractly

crystallized intelligence

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

anger

the irate reaction likely to result from frustration; "Why me?"

Bargaining

Making a deal, in return for another chance or extra time, they will fulfill promises.

depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

acceptance

calm and peace, and embracing the end