US History - Unit 2

Which political stance did Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party campaign on during the 1860 election?

anti-slavery

What percent of the African American population in the Antebellum South was in slavery?

50%

In 1861, what month was the President inaugurated?

March

What does it mean to secede?

withdraw formally

What did South states think they had to do to protect slavery?

form their own nation

What did Lincoln emphasize in his first inaugural address?

a plea to South states to stay in the Union

Who did Fort Sumter belong to?

The U.S. (the Union)

Who was stationed at Fort Sumter?

U.S. troops (the Union)

How long did the battle of Fort Sumter last?

1 day

What four states seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter?

Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee (A VeNT)

What did Jim Crow laws focus on?

segregation

What years did the U.S. experience Jim Crow segregation

1877-1954 (77 years, almost 67)

In what ways did Jim Crow Laws segregate black Americans from whites?

water fountains, transportation, and housing

Could black Americans get good paying jobs and enjoy full rights after the Civil War?

no

Was Jim Crow a real person?

no

Who was Jim Crow’s character supposed to be?

an uneducated slave

Who played the character of Jim Crow?

a white man in black face

Who were targeted and associated with Jim Crow laws?

African Americans

What were some cash crops in the South?

cotton and tabacco

Was was not a cash crop in the South?

silk

When did slavery officially end?

after the Civil War

The end of slavery left the South with what question?

How are black and white relations going to move forward?

What 3 things make the industrial boom possible?

Geography, Demography, and Law (Good Dogs Listen)

By how much did the U.S. population grow between 1870 and 1900?

36 million people

How much of the U.S. population growth was due to immigration?

1/3

How did the U.S. government NOT play a role in industrialization?

they actively protected rights of labor unions

By 1913, the U.S. produced how much of the world’s industrial output?

1/3

What created Time Zones in the U.S. to help standardize shipping and passenger transport?

railroads

What made the major industrial boom possible?

partnership between government and business

How did Rockefeller become a success in the oil industry?

horizontal integration: he bought many rival companies, and in the late 1880s, Standard Oil owned 90% of the U.S. oil industry

What is vertical integration?

when a company buys all aspects of the production process to maximize profit at all steps

On average, how many people per year DIED on the job in the U.S.?

35,000 people

What caused the Haymarket Riot?

an escalation of the national movement for an 8-hour workday and against police violence

What was a result of the Haymarket Riot one the Knights of Labor?

an anarchist’s bomb killed police, and the Knights of Labor were blamed and eventually disappeared

What are 2 things supported by Social Darwinism about business and economy?

1. government shouldn’t regulate business or pass laws to help poor people

2. survival of the fittest should be applied to people and corporations

What other time period does the post Civil War America resemble?

today/modern day

What made rich people in the Gilded Age different from people in previous periods of American history?

rich people in the Gilded Age were SUPER rich and liked to show their wealth off

The gap between the rich and poor grew in the Gilded Age. The standard of living _____.

rose

Factory working conditions in the Gilded Age were extremely _______.

unsafe

What would happen to an individual factory worker who asked the boss/owner for better pay and safer working conditions?

the worker would be fired and replaced by one of thousands of immigrants looking for work in America

Labor unions could be effective because they organized _______ of the workers in a factory to demand for better pay and work conditions

many / all

What tactics did labor unions use to achieve their goals? (3)

1. strikes

2. political action

3. slowdowns

Why did railroad workers go on strike during the Great Railroad Strike?

because railroad companies cut wages to maximize profits

How did the president (Hayes) respond to the Great Railroad Strike?

the president sent in federal troops, and over 100 striking workers were killed

What caused the Pullman Strike (railroad strike)?

the owner of the company, George Pullman, cut wages to increase profits and fired workers who tried to negotiate

The Pullman Strike was initially for Pullman Railroad Car Manufacturing Company. The strike expanded when Eugen V. Debs (a labor union leader) ordered his union to not work on any trains that _______.

had Pullman cars in them

Why did railroad companies ensure that trains with Pullman Cars in them also had cars carrying US mail?

since interfering with mail is a felony, the federal gov. would get involved and break the strike

How were the Knights of Labor different from other labor unions in the GIlded Age? (2)

1. it was a national union

2. it admitted all workers, including women and blacks

What were the goals of the Knights of Labor? (3)

1. improve work conditions

2. destroy trusts and monopolies

3. abolish child labor

What event led to the end of the Knights of Labor?

the Haymarket Square Riot

What was the impact of the Haymarket Square Riot on public perception of labor unions?

the public began seeing labor unions as violent, dangerous, and radicalw

What were two goals of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? (2)

1. better pay for workers

2. safer working conditions

How is immigration different from migration?

immigrants come from another country, while migrants move within one country

In the last years of the 19th century, the U.S. population grew by _______, mostly due to _______.

16 million; immigration

What are reasons for Europeans to immigrate to the U.S. in the late 1800s? (4)

1. religious persecution

2. overcrowding

3. poverty

4. unemployment

What were three major cities that most of these immigrants settle in?

Pittsburgh, New York, and Chicago

Did the East Coast or West Coast experience very diverse social blends due to immigration patterns?

the East Coast

When did large numbers of Chinese begin to come to the West Coast?

the California Gold Rush (1849)

Who often left the cities during the Gilded Age?

the middle and upper classes (b/c they could afford it)

Multi-family housing buildings in the big cities were known as…

tenements

What’s an ethnic enclave?

a part of a town or city where members of the same ethnic group live and work

How did immigrants preserve their cultures in American cities? (4)

1. formed political organizations

2. made grocery stores w/ traditional foods

3. made churches

4. made banks

What was the Exoduster Movement?

African-Americans moving from the South to the West (b/c of racism/fear of racist groups, etc.)

What was the purpose of the Colored Relief Board and Kansas Freemen’s Society?

to help African-Americans that moved from the South to the West, to states such as Kansas and Oklahoma

What was Progressives’ central belief regarding the government?

government action was necessary to address the abuses of industrialization

How did the Progressive movement differ significantly from the previous Populist movement?

Progressives drew support primarily from middle- and upper-class urban Americans (Populist was more farmers/agricultural workers)

Booker T. Washington’s approach to racial inequality emphasized what?

economic self-improvement and vocational education (not physically fighting the racism)

What reform organization directly challenged segregation and lynching through legal action?

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The introduction of the secret (Australian) ballot was intended to do what?

reduce the influence of political machines and corruption (private voting)

The ratification of the 17th Amendment reflected what Progressive effort?

transfer political power from state legislatures to voters (the amendment established direction election of U.S. senators by the people)

Applying Frederick Taylor’s principles of scientific management to government resulted in what two things? (2)

1. commission (gov. thing run by multiple ppl instead of 1, like a city council of many ppl)

2. city manager systems (run a city like a business, not a political machine)

What Progressive response to immigration most directly reflected labor union concerns?

passage of immigration restriction laws (less immigrants, less work competition for unions)

The key different between conservationists and preservationists in natural resources was what?

conservationists favored managed use of natural resources, while preservationists favored no use of natural resources at all

What Progressive reform was most directly influenced by the work of muchrackers such as Upton Sinclair?

federal regulation of food and drugs (Sinclair’s novel The Jungle exposed the meatpacking industry, etc.)

What was Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to Progressivism?

support for federal regulation to ensure fairness between business, labor, and consumers (helped federal gov. but also workers/less powerful)