Genital System

define homologous

same embryonic starting point

name

genital tubercle

name

urethral fold

name

urogenital swelling

—this is homologous (ex. male urogenital swelling develops into scrotum)

orient female internal genitalia and surrounding structures

then find the external genitalia structures

lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

rectum (along sacrum)

ureter

urinary bladder — urethra following

pubis bone — rectus abdominis attaching

INTERNAL GENITALIA

ovary (production site for female gamete-oocyte)

uterine tube (attaches to avary)

uterus (thick walled tube that leads to the vagina)

vagina (leads to the external environment)

EXTERNAL GENITALIA

labia majora (2 lateral folds - large lips)

labia minora (2 thinner folds)

clitoris (erectile tissue)

what is this an image of

name and describe structures of it

this is the vulva which is what the external genitalia is called

labia majora

—larger, thicker, more lateral “2 lips”

—contains normal integumentary properties (this means vaasularization and glands)

labia minora

—no hypodermis, no hair follicles, no sweat glands, still has a sebaceous gland

prepuce of clitoris

—above the clitoris and protects it

what is the fat pad over the pubic bone called

mons pubis

what is erectile tissue

erectile tissue is a variation of loose connective tissue that is the most vascular

erectile tissue is an increase in blood flow to that specific area

cavernous vs spongy erectile tissue

cavernous erectile tissue is the most highly vasculated tissue in the human body

—will become the most rigid (highest increase in blood flow)

what is this an image of

name pieces and describe design

clitoris

—crus of clitoris (entire thing, there is another side - cura is pleural for both sides, crus means one side of the clitoris) made of cavernous erectile tissue

—body of clitoris (facing downwards, not the circle on the bottom of the body) made of two columns of cavernous erectile tissue

—glans of clitoris (most superficial, covered by a thin layer of skin) made of spongy erectile tissue

name and describe structure

vestibule of vagina

—imagine a small room entrance to a larger building

—sits inside of the labia minora

name and describe

bulb of the vestibule

—made of spongy erectile tissue

—comes off of the glans clitoris (this makes sense because the glans clitoris and the bulb of the vestilbule are both made of spongy erectile tissue)

name and describe

greater vestibular gland

—these are the ducts that enter the vestibule

—they secrete lubricant to reduce friction for sex

—the lubricant that they secrete comes out through the labia minora

what is this and what does it mean for most of the female internal genitalia

this is the peritoneal coelom of the abdomen, this means that from the end of this line and up, these female genital structures are in the abdomen

name and describe

ovary

—site of oogenesis (production of oocytes)

uterine tube

—fimbriae of uterine tube (“fringe”) composed of smooth muscle (attracts the oocyte towards the abdominal ostium of the uterine tube)

—abdominal ostium of the uterine tube (this is a hole in the peritoneal coelom/mesothelium that allows the oocyte to enter the uterine tube) it is in the middle the fimbriae of the uterine tube

name and describe parts of this structure

name and describe the tubular design of this structure **what should you remember basic tubular design structure

uterus

—fundus of uterus (still in abdominal cavity)

—body of uterus (still in abdominal cavity)

—cervix of uterus (very terminal portion of the uterus) (this is the only part of the uterus in the pelvis)

uterine wall (**basic tubular design always has 3 layers)

—perimetrium (surrounding the uterus)

—myometrium (smooth muscle)

—endometrium (can shed through the vagina - menestration) (thick & vascular when fertilized)

What is an ectopic pregnancy? What is endometriosis?

eptopic pregnancy: when the fertilized egg implants in the wrong place, most commonly implanting in the uterine tube (can even implant in the abdominal cavity)

endometriosis: when not all of the endometrium drains through the vagina (the tissue gets stuck somewhere and causes pain or damage to another organ)

name, function

vaginal fornix

—this is where the vagina forms a cup at the base of the cervix of the uterus

—func: this is where the sperm post ejaculation congregate and are protected, they also prepare to enter the uterus

name, func

what are we getting into here

**the vagina is also a tube

this is the mucosa of the vagina

—made of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (help with friction) (protection)

rugae=fold or wrinkles in the mucosa, func: stretch the vagina

name

spongy layer (submucosa)

—spongy erectile tissue (which is a highly vascular loose connective tissue)

name

muscular layer of vagina

—smooth muscle and connective tissue

—until the end portion most terminally is skeletal muscle and connective tissue

name

adventital layer

—dense irregular connective tissue

What are the 3 biological functions of the vagina

1. drain the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

2. penal receptacle during intercourse

3. birth canal

name and describe

scrotum

—skin structure (very thin hypodermis)

—this means it has hair follicles and glands

name and describe

testis

—homologs of ovaries (they produce the male gamete-sperm)

—a bunch of tubes packages together

—herniate externally from development

name and describe

spermatic chord

—contains ductus deferens (heads towards the prostate) (a vasectomy removes a portion of this structure)

—contains testicular vessels (come from the abdomen) and nerves

name

seminal glands

—there is a left and right seminal gland

name

prostate gland

name

blulbourethral glands

—embedded in muscle

What is the end result of female vs male meiosis

female meiosis=ends w/ one high quality egg

male meiosis= ends w/ 4 lower quality sperm

name

compartments of the testis (also called lobules)

name

convoluted seminiferous tubules

—produce 100’s of millions of sperm per day

convoluted=messy, seminiferous=semen (sperm)

name

straight tubules

name

rete testis

name

efferent ductules

name

epididymis

—upon the testis (5-6ft of tube)

—this is where the sperm matures

name

ductus deferens

name

ejaculatory ducts

—once the ductus deferens enters the prostate, it becomes the ejaculatory duct

name

prostatic urethra

—passes through the prostate gland

name

membranous urethra

name

spongy utethra

—inside of the penis

—in the spongy erectile tissue of the penis

all of the glands of the male genital system main function is producing what and what is its function

they are all sources of seminal fluid

—sperm needs seminal fluid to survive

name

seminal glands

—paired glands that secrete mucous that is rich in fructose

—this mucous rich in fructose is fuel for the sperm and helps it stick in the female reproductive system)

name

prostate gland

—go into the ejaculatory ducts

1. secretes protective substances

2. secretes enzymes that break down the mucous of the seminal glands

name

bulbourethral gland

—enter into the spongy urethra

1. secrete lubricant (lubricates the spongy urethra for ejaculation) (this is the pre-ejaculation)

name all structures in the gross anatomy of the penis

anterior

—foreskin/prepuce (integumentary structure—thin hypodermis)

—glans penis (homologous to clitoris)

—body of penis (2 columns of cavernous erectile tissue)

posterior

—prostate gland

—glans penis

—bulb of penis (homologous w/ bulbs of vestibule) crus of penis (attach to bones) also crura (pleura)

—body of penis=3 columns of erectile tissue

name all structures

segments — glans penis, body of penis, root of penis

cavernous erectile tissue (more vascular)

spongy erectile tissue (less vascular)

—spongy urethra (sits inside spongy erectile tissue) ducts of bulbourethral gland branches into the spongy urethra)

name all structures

—corpus cavernous penis (located in 1. the body and 2. the crura of the penis)

deep arteries of the penis are also in the corpus cavernous (primary vascular supply that fills/engorges the erectile tissues)

—corpus sponginosum penis (located in 1. glans penis 2. body of penis 3. bulb of penis)

spongy urethra is inside

surrounding connective tissues

—1. wrapping around the erectile tissues 2. separating the erectile tissues

—deep veins of the penis are inside the surrounding connective tissues

explain the mechanics of penile erection

1. deep arteries vasodialate (become at the highest pressure) so the columns of cavernous erectile tissue expand

2. the veins inside the surrounding connective tissue get compressed (which reduced blood flow out of the penis) so the penis elongates (better delivery of sperm into vagina)

3. then ejaculation occurs

name all homologies

female structures

-labia majora

-labia minora

-crus of clitoris

-body of clitoris

-bulb of vestibule

-greater vestibular glands

labia majora—scrotum

labia minora—spongy urethra

crus of clitoris—crus of penis

body of clitoris—body of penis

bulb of vestibule—bulb of penis

greater vestibular glands—bulbourethral glands