History exam 2

1912 Election

Pitted Roosevelt, Taft, Eugene Debs, and Woodroe Wilson against each other for the presidential election. (first 4 candidate election, Wilson wins with “new freedom” campaign)

Woodroe Wilson

28th president, he sought various different economic reforms to break up monopiles and provides economic stability at federal level.

Federal Reserve Act

12 different branches (regional) have a board director. Wants to promote economic stability and growth (America has no centralized bank)

Great war (WWI)

In 1914 after the assignation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, alliances were established. (America didn’t know what side to root for)

Triple Alliance (central powers)

Austria, Germany, Italy, Turkey

Triple Entente (Allied Power)

Russia, Belgium, France, Britian, America

4 Factors are the Foundation of WWI

Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, and Alliances

Start of WWI

Franz Ferdinand gets assassinate in a parade (Serbian nationalist assassinates him) Austria wants to get rid of Serbia and Germany joins their side.

What made war a new type of war

A first ever industrial war

Trench Warfare

A new type of warfare. Both sides dig into the ground and fight inch by inch. Hundreds of zigzagging miles of trenches consisted of men covered in filth experiencing the horrors of modern warfare.

Neutrality

Once the powder keg in Europe erupted, America took the position of neutrality. (Wilson urges America to be neutral but is sending aid to Britain and France)

Lusitania

A torpedo sinks a ship off the coast in Irland (Germany did it) 128 Americans died (Germany apologizes for killing citizens)

National Defense Act

A law that expands the army, gives the military more stuff, more federal involvement (1916) Stay prepared but netural

1916 Election

Woodroe Wilson advocates his stance on peace instead of entering war to obtain a reelection bid

Zimmermann Telegram

Author Zimmerman (German ambassador of Mexico) sends a letter saying that Germany was going to unleash an unrestricted submarine warfare to anyone including America. (British told America and Mexico didn’t was embarrassed because they didn’t want to invade America)

Selective Service Act

To draft soldiers. Instructs all military boards across the country requires men to draft 21 to 35. (Wilson in all about world peace) (25 to 30% of men that are enlisted are immigrants)

The American Homefront

Had to find ways to utilize the food administration, finance the war, and replaces the men in factory with new labor forces.

what are all of the administrations/ things that happen in America during the war?

Community of Publication Relations (positivity at home), Food Administration Board (not to consume as much food), WWI costs 30 billion dollars (taxing, liberty bonds to pay for it), Factories need workers cause a lot of men are gone so women fill the void and work and fundraise

Great Migration

Relocation of African Americans from the south to the North for better employment and life (8% to 43% of African Americans that live somewhere other than the south) when workers come back, they will want their jobs back so there will be tension.

Espionage and Sedition Acts (one term but two things)

Made it illegal for anyone to aid the enemy, can’t interfere with the military/ draft, the gov. can do/ take care of anything that they think is in dangerous (vaig so gov could do anything). Can’t say anything bad in terms of the USA (flag, president, constitution, military)

Immigration Act of 1917

Which made immigrants take a literacy test before entering the country (they thought that if you were not able to read or pass the test you were associated with the enemy)

The Battle of Belleau Woods

Was America’s WWI battle. It became a true test and a wakeup call about how this war is different. Landmark event of the Mariens (world’s top military force)

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

The largest American operation in history. America comes in as a breath of fresh air. Establishes territory near the muse river and they want to push the German’s out of Argonne Forest. 47 days

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s plans for peace and making sure this doesn’t happen again to fix Europe. Main point of the points is self-determination they need to rise up and take care of themselves.

Paris Peace Conference

President Wilson showed strengthens but also several weaknesses that diminished his poltics stance in America. (Germany and Russia not allowed to come, peace talks and lots of different ideas)

America and Europe’s Opinions on Wilson

Wilson is gone for months out of the country, so he loses sight of what problems are going on at home, congress turns against him. Europe really like him because they believe that he saved them and ended the war.

League of Nations

Wilson believed this group would serve as a world peace organization to ensure another world war would never occur again. (way to solve issues diplomatically) no one was really buying into it but especially America did not care. SO, it becomes a thing, but America DOES NOT join.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in June 1919. This officially ended the Great War but set the stage for the next global conflict roughly 30 years later. France wants Germany to suffer. There is a war guilt clause that Germany signs taking ownerships for that it is their fault and paying reparations.

Consumer Culture

Mass production of items and services. America entered a new age that focused on high spending luxury. Advertisement was aimed at women.

Mass Culture

Develops from consumer culture. Led to the rise of film, radio, and transportation arising across the country.

what were the main inventions in the 1920s?

Films, Radios, Airplanes, and MOST SIGNIFICANT the car

Films

20,000 movie theaters in the country. Hollywood becomes a big city and where movies a year.

Radios

See a similar growth in movies, changed the dynamic of the family cause they would all sit around and listen together, builds music and radio shows

Airplanes

Kitty Hawk North Carolina where the first airplane is built. It was used as transportation and as weapons. Charles Lingbor is the first man to fly solo.

The car

The most significant thing is invented in the 20s. A symbol of wealth because they were really expensive. Henry Ford makes it to where everyone can buy one

Jazz Culture

Appeared and spread from large cities such as New Orleans, Memphis, and St. Louis to small African American neighborhoods. The radios spread jazz it sweeps the nation

Immigration Act of 1924

A quota for total immigrations 2% of each nationality. Developed after a wave of anti-immigrations hysteria came about America because people feared an invasion. No Asian immigrants.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

They were saying they wanted to take over the government, and they go arrested for murder and a shoe store robbery. Just a racist way they viewed people as sacrifice/less worthy

Birth of a Nation

The film became the most popular film and reviewed the post-civil war group. It revived the KKK. Portrays the KKK as a heroic group but was horribly racist.

Ku Kulx Klan

Gets revived and becomes one of the largest and widespread groups of America. They attack anyone who is an attack to white supremacy. No longer just south.

Scopes Trial

Received worldwide attention and focused on what could be taught in public schools. Evolution was banned to be taught, and Scope became the head of the movement, and he teaches evolution and gets arrested. Becomes a big question of Bible verse Science. Pushes against traditional American values.

Prohibition Era

Because of the 18th amendment in 1919 alcoholic beverages had been outlawed across America, trying to stop the rise of organized crime. can drink it just no selling, buying, or transporting. Speak easys become a thing a cops are getting paid

Al Capone

Top Crime bosses in the country, gang leader, saint valentine massacre (very big blood bath) gets arrested for tax evasion

Buying of the margin

put down part of it and borrowing the rest (investors)

Black Tuesday

October 29,1929 The American Stock Market paid the price of multiple reasons causing it to crash. Resulted in the Great Depression

Bank Run

People running to banks to withdraw all their money. Lots of fear and panic and many banks go bankrupt (domino effect)

Great depression is a

global event that affects everyone (Germany gets hit the hardest)

Shanty Towns

Massive homeless communities also known as Hooverville. It is a symbol for how bad things became.

Mexican Reparation

Resulted in hundreds of thousands of people or Mexican decent including American citizens being pressured or forced to leave the US. (because of the great depression)

Dust Bowl

A substantial drought, decades of erosion, homemade dessert, dust gets blown around. It is in the Great Plains, Kansas, Nebraska. Many families move out west California.

Herbert Hoover

President elected during the Great Depression. Doesn’t really uplift people.

Bonus Expeditionary Forces

Thousands of WW1 veterans march to DC to demand early payment fo there service. They establish camps and they do not get paid and get them cleared out with the military.

1932 Election

FDR offers optimism and “A New Deal” for the people. People are tired of Hoover.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Promised a “New Deal” iniative. This plan promised that the Federal government would take responsibility for the depression and plan to restore the country with new economic plans.

First New Deal

First 100 days focusing on the three Rs. (Relief, recovery, and reform)

The Emergency Banking Relief Act

The first of many New Deal Acts to help rebuild. This act focused on injecting cash flow into the economy and help rebuild trust in the banks. There was a banking holiday, and the government would approve the banks to reopen.

The Glass Stealgall Act

Made sure to establish trust and separate personal banking from investment. The FTIC guarantees that the bank deposits up to a certain amount will be protected.

Civil Work Administration

Was the federal government’s first effort to put people on the payroll doing intense labor jobs. (people get jobs they get money and start spending)

Civil Conservation Corps

Established more jobs by clearing out and building camps across national forests,parks, and recrational areas

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Led to Government paying farmers to cut back on production and resetting the price points

The Tennessee Valley Authority

Created new jobs and electricity to the Appalachian Mountain area through new hydroelectric damns

Fascism

Rejects political communism and democracy. It wants complete control of society.

Benito Mussolini

Italy’s government and society felt overlooked by the rest of the world post WWI. He presents himself as a strong leader and can lead Italy. The group that supports him is the Black Shirts.

Adolf Hitler

New leader, facist, highly-military and government. Shows himself as the savior and ill help rebuild Germany.

Emperor Hiroito

Felt it was necessary for Japan to survive by expanding. Invades China.

Tripartite Pact (axis powers)

All three fascists nations aggressively grew their military in 1940 they signed it and it starts the Axis Powers. If they are not in war the other ones will help each other out.

Pearl Harbor

December 7 1941 Japan suddenly and deliberately attacked America. Japan wanted to hurt us bad enough to scare us to trade again. FDR asks Congress the next day to go to war with Japan.

Allied Powers

Consisted of America, Britian, and the Soviet Union.

Axis Powers

Italy, Japan, and Germany

War Production Bond

To get America into military shape. Created in 1942 directing all industries to war industries. Outproducing the enemy is a big part of why the US wins.

WAC Women Army Core

Women who fly planes and enter the military and civil. Rosie the Riveter campaign, factories needed anyone.

Tuskegee Airmen

Compromised of an all-African American air group flew more than 15,000 missions. the only place that trained African Americans to fly. military becomes desegrated.

Executive order 9066

This authorized by forces the removal and incarnation of Nisei (Japanese- Americans) throughout the west coast. Anyone who posed a threat to America. It removes them to relocation centers. It was intense labor that helped America but not good sanitary

Casablanca Conference

Between FDR and Churchill (British Prime Minister). Focused on Allied military strategy. Announced that Roosevelt and Churchill think the only way this can end is total surrender.

Terhan Conference

Occurred for the first time meeting with Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt. They discuss how they can push through Italy to Germany, They discuss there vision for East Europe

Battle of Stalingrad

Was the beginning of the end for the axis powers. Very bad battle that from there the Allied powers pushed toward Germany.

Operation Overload (D Day Landing)

It was a massive invasion that was delayed because of bad weather.

Island Hopping Campaign

Push Japanese further back, slowly get closer to mainland Japan, sexing smaller territories, get places for naval fields and airfields/ bases. Capture Ewigenia and bomb 70 Japanese cities.

Yalta Conference

Focuses on the end of Germany and how to bring an end to Japan. Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin discuss how to get the war to end, and Germany’s future. FDR dies 4th term.

Manhattan Project

Scientists across the country scrambled to work on a secret U.S government project. It focused on creating nuclear weapons, which would change the course of warfare and global politics.

Potsdam Declaration

The allied powers issue it, and it called for the immediate surrender of Japan by August 3rd or face utter destruction. It happens at the Potsdam Conference Trumans first conference.

Atomic Bomb (little boy)

Was dropped because Japan did not surrender and was dropped on iniroshima. Three days later second one (Fatman) was dropped on Nagasaki. August 14 Japanese surrendered.

Surrender Ceremony

Aboard USS Missouri occurred as Japanese’s representatives signed the document to end the war. September 2, 1945. a lot of world powers there. US becomes a gloable superpower.