APAH unit 1

What is the date of the Tlatilco Female Figure?

1000 BCE

What period/style is the Tlatilco Female Figure?

Prehistoric, Mesoamerican

Where was the Tlatilco Female Figure found?

Tlatilco, Valley of Mexico

What is the Tlatilco Female Figure made of?

Clay

How was the Tlatilco Female Figure made/decorated?

Incised with a sharp instrument

Where were Tlatilco Female Figures found?

In burials

What was the possible function of the Tlatilco Female Figure?

Fertility symbol/charm for women; possibly decorative

What are the distinctive features of the Tlatilco Female Figure?

Double head, narrow waist, broad hips

What major concept does the Tlatilco Female Figure demonstrate?

Duality

What does the Tlatilco Female Figure tell us about the people who made it?

It reflects what was important to their society, especially ideas surrounding fertility and duality.

What is the date of the Jade Cong?

3300-2200 BCE

What culture/region is the Jade Cong associated with?

Liangzhu, China

What is the Jade Cong made of?

Nephrite (true jade)

How was the Jade Cong made?

Jade was worked/polished using abrasive sand

Where were Jade Congs commonly found?

In graves

What other object was found with Jade Congs?

Bi discs (donut-shaped jade objects)

What is the basic shape of the Jade Cong?

Square exterior with a hollow, cylindrical center

What type of symbols appear on the Jade Cong?

Lines and circles that may represent faces

What is uncertain about the symbols on the Jade Cong?

Their exact meaning is unknown

What are some possible meanings of the Jade Cong?

Power, relationship with nature, death, or cosmological ideas

What might the square and circular forms of the Jade Cong represent?

Possibly earth (square) and heavens (circle)

What is the date of the Apollo 11 Stones?

25,500-25,300 BCE

Where were the Apollo 11 Stones found?

Huns Mountains, Namibia

What are the Apollo 11 Stones made of?

Brown quartzite/stone

What medium was used for the Apollo 11 Stones?

Charcoal

What type of art are the Apollo 11 Stones?

African rock art / global prehistory

What was the likely function of the Apollo 11 Stones?

Possibly ritual or ceremonial

What evidence supports a ritual interpretation of the Apollo 11 Stones?

They were found deep in a cave, near skulls

What type of people created the Apollo 11 Stones?

Nomadic hunter-gatherers

What major historical period did the Apollo 11 Stones predate?

The agricultural revolution

What type of imagery do the Apollo 11 Stones use?

Figurative/representational imagery

What is the date of the Great Hall of the Bulls?

15,000-13,000 BCE

Where is the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Lascaux Cave, France

Who created the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Unknown Lascaux painters

What type of art is the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Paleolithic rock painting

What is the painting's surface in the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Smooth white limestone on the cave ceiling/upper walls

What is the main subject of the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Animals, especially bulls

How are many of the animals depicted in the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Energetically and in profile

What is a key descriptive term for the animals' poses in the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Composite pose

What is the function of the Great Hall of the Bulls believed to be?

Possibly religious/ritual

What is the exact meaning of the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Unknown

What are some theories about the meaning of the Great Hall of the Bulls?

Storytelling, shamanistic visions, ritual, or admiration of animals

What is the date of the Camelid Sacrum?

14,000-7,000 BCE

Where was the Camelid Sacrum found?

Tequixquiac/Lake Texcoco, Valley of Mexico

What is the Camelid Sacrum made of?

Animal bone/sacrum

What animal does the Camelid Sacrum bone possibly resemble?

A deer or canine

What does "sacrum" refer to in the Camelid Sacrum?

A bone at the base of the spine

What type of imagery does the Camelid Sacrum represent?

Figurative/representational

What is one possible interpretation of the function of the Camelid Sacrum?

Shamanistic/ritual use

Why is the Camelid Sacrum significant?

It demonstrates human modification/use of animal remains to create a recognizable form.

What is the date of Stonehenge?

3,100-2,000 BCE

What type of monument is Stonehenge?

Prehistoric megalithic monument

Where is Stonehenge?

Salisbury Plain, England

What major types of materials were used at Stonehenge?

Sarsen stones, bluestones, and wood

What construction techniques were used at Stonehenge?

Mortise-and-tenon and tongue-and-groove joints

What are some proposed functions of Stonehenge?

Burial site, calendar, cultural center, pilgrimage site

What astronomical event is Stonehenge associated with?

The solstices

What evidence suggests people traveled to Stonehenge?

Animal remains indicate people came from distant regions

What does Stonehenge demonstrate about prehistoric societies?

Large communal projects were possible without clear evidence of slavery.

What is one possible religious interpretation of Stonehenge?

Pilgrimage or mystical/healing practices

What is the date of the Ambum Stone?

1,500 BCE

Where is the Ambum Stone from?

Papua New Guinea

What is the Ambum Stone made of?

Greywacke stone

How was the Ambum Stone made?

Chipping and hammering with stone tools

What type of object is the Ambum Stone?

Freestanding figurative sculpture

Where was the Ambum Stone found?

In a cave

What was the possible function of the Ambum Stone?

Ritual object

What are possible ritual purposes of the Ambum Stone?

Fertility or hunting rituals

What does the Ambum Stone possibly resemble?

An embryo

What does the intricate carving of the Ambum Stone suggest?

Sophisticated stoneworking tools/techniques

What is the date of the Terra Cotta Fragment?

1000 BCE

What culture is the Terra Cotta Fragment associated with?

Lapita

Where did the Terra Cotta Fragment originate?

The Pacific/Lapita region

What is the Terra Cotta Fragment made of?

Terra cotta

How is the Terra Cotta Fragment decorated?

Incised designs

What was the original function of the Terra Cotta Fragment?

Fragment of a larger vessel, possibly for food

What do the designs on the Terra Cotta Fragment look like?

Geometric and elaborate, with anthropomorphic faces

What historical context is important for the Terra Cotta Fragment?

The Lapita people were migrating across the Pacific

Why is the Terra Cotta Fragment important?

It is considered one of the finest examples of Lapita art.

What is the date of the Running Horned Woman?

6000-4000 BCE

Where is the Running Horned Woman located?

Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria

What is the Running Horned Woman made with?

Pigment on rock

What type of art is the Running Horned Woman?

Global prehistoric rock art

What is distinctive about the Running Horned Woman?

She has long horns

What is the Running Horned Woman sometimes interpreted as?

A ritual figure/warrior-like figure

What was the possible function of the Running Horned Woman?

Ritualistic

What is notable about the smaller people around the Running Horned Woman?

They appear to have been drawn later

What is the main idea associated with the Running Horned Woman?

Ritual

What is the date of the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

4200-3500 BCE

What is the Bushel with Ibex Motif made of?

Painted terra cotta

What is the main animal depicted on the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

A large horned goat/ibex

What was the function of the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

Funerary object

What cultural context is associated with the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

The Susian Plain

What happened during the relevant burial practice associated with the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

Objects were placed with the dead during a second burial

What could the Bushel with Ibex Motif indicate?

The prosperity of the city

What animals appear on the Bushel with Ibex Motif?

A large horned goat/ibex and dog-like animals

What later artistic tradition might the Bushel with Ibex Motif foreshadow?

Archaic Greek art

What is the Anthropomorphic Stele made of?

Sandstone

Where was the Anthropomorphic Stele found?

Saudi Arabia, near Ha'il

What type of art is the Anthropomorphic Stele?

Funerary/anthropomorphic art