MWH Unit 2: Industrial Revolution and Ideologies Guided Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Industrial Revolution, technological inventions, socio-economic effects, ideological responses, and 19th-century nationalist movements across Europe and Latin America.

Industrial Revolution

The British transition in the 1800s from using human and animal power to produce goods to using water and steam power for production.

Factors of Production

The essential resources required for industrial production, consisting of land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth), all of which Great Britain possessed.

Enclosure Movement

An agricultural change in which landowners bought up small plots, forcing small farmers to move to cities, increasing wool production, and providing a factory labor source.

Spinning Jenny

A textile machine invented by James Hargreaves that spun several threads at the same time.

Spinning Frame (Water Frame)

A water wheel-powered machine patented in 1769 by Richard Arkwright that spun stronger thread than the spinning jenny.

Power Loom

A textile innovation invented by Edmund Cartwright and patented in 1785 that enabled faster production of cloth.

Steam Engine

An innovation improved by James Watt that ran on coal, allowing textile factories to operate anywhere rather than being restricted to locations near water.

Steam Locomotive

A transportation invention developed by Richard Trevithick and used in 1802 that helped transport goods to faraway markets.

Steamboat

A steam-powered vessel developed by Robert Fulton in 1807 in New York.

Factory Town

A settlement that grew around factories or coal mines where workers faced crowded housing, heavy pollution, poor sanitation, and debt traps from shopping at the company store.

Urbanization

The massive growth of city populations, shifting Europe from fewer than 20 cities with 100,000+ people in 1800 to more than 150 cities of that size across Europe and North America by 1900.

Labor Unions

Organized associations of workers who collectively bargain for better wages and improved working conditions.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

An economic ideology described by Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations emphasizing a profit motive and a hands-off approach with no government regulation.

Bourgeoisie

In Marxist theory, the wealthy haves who exploit the working class.

Proletariat

In Marxist theory, the have-nots or working class who are exploited by the bourgeoisie and predicted to band together and violently overthrow their governments.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

A state of worker rule envisioned by Marxism to establish a classless society where each citizen receives what they need according to their needs.

Nationalism

The belief that one's nation is the best, typically extreme to the point of wanting to hurt or invade other nations, or seeking independence.

Simon Bolivar

A leader who appealed to South American Pan-Nationalism and captured Bogota, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; and Quito, Ecuador by 1822.

General San Martin

An Argentine leader who helped Chile and Peru gain independence from Spanish rule.

Cavour

A leader who used political deals and warfare to liberate the northern Italian states, expelling the Austrians from the north in 1859.

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

A military leader and his followers who unified southern Italy before handing the unified territory over to King Victor Emmanuel II.

Blood and Iron

Otto von Bismarck's policy stance stating that the great questions of the day are resolved through military force and warfare rather than speeches or majority votes.

Second Reich

The Second German Empire established under the Prussian king following Bismarck's victorious wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.