Lesson 10: Animal Diversity

features of the animal kingdom

multicellularity, heterotrophs, active movement, diversity of form and size, most use sexual reproduction, offspring pass through developmental stages, determined/fixed body plan

all animals are multi____

cellular

animals are _____ (obtain energy and organic materials by ingesting other organisms)

heterotroph

what is a heterotroph

an organisms that obtains energy and organic materials by ingesting other organisms

all animals have some form of ___ movement

active

are animals decomposers

no

animals ___ more rapidly and in or more complex ways than othe rkingdoms

move

animals have diversity in ___

form and size (ranging from microscopic to enormous)

most animals use ___ preproduction

sexual

animal offspring pass through

developmental stages

animals have a ____ body plan

dtermined/fixed body plan

morphology of animals is determined by

developmental cues (Hox genes)

animals have complex ____ structure

tissue

what are the types of animal tissues

epithelial, connective, nervous tissue, muscle tissue

function of epithelial tissue

cover, line, protect, secrete

function of nervous tissue

coordinate movement

function of muscle tissue

power locomotion

what does connective tissue consist of

cells imbedded in an extracellular matrix

which tissues are considered to be like the junk drawer for tissues

connective tissues

the complex tissues structure of animals allows for

unique intracellular communication

what is the product of fertilization (egg + sperm)

a zygote

after zygote forms what process occurs

cleavage

what is cleavage

a series of mitotic cell divisions

after 3 cell divisions what stage of animal development are we at

8 cell stage

what happens after 8 cell stage

cleavage again with continued division and rearrangement

after 8 cell stage what forms

a blastula

how does a blastula form

migration of cells → forms a hollow ‘ball’

what is the internal cavity of a blastula called

a blastocoel

what process forms a gastrula

gastrulation

what process occurs after a blastula forms

gastrulation

what forms next after a blastula forms

a gastrula

in all animals what layers form during gastrulation

outer ectoderm and inner endoderm germ layers

in most animals what layer forms during gastrulation

a third (middle) germ layer forms, mesoderm, within remaining blastocoel

1

zygote

2

cleavage

3

eight cell stage

4

cleavage

5

blastula

6

gastrulation

7

blastopore

8

gastrula

which is gastrula which is blastula

left is blastula, right is gastrula

what is blue

ectoderm

what is yellow

blastocoel

what is green

endoderm

what is the opening called

a blastopore

what is purple

archenteron

what are the morphological and developmental characteristics that animals are classified by

symmetry, number of tissue layers, origin or mouth and anus, body plan and cavities

what are the three types of symmetry displayed by animals

asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

what animals display asymmetry

porifera (sponges)

radial symmetry is arrangement around a

centrl axis

organisms that display radial symmetry have ____ and ____ sides

oral and aboral

radial symmetry is suited for encountering environment from

any direction

radial syemtry is good for ___ lifestyle

stationary

what phylum animals display radial symmetry

cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemone, ect.), starfish

what type of symmetry do humans display

bilateral symmetry

bilateral symmetry allows for

cephalization

what is cephalization

collection of sense organs in head

all other animals than porifera, cnidarians, star fish display what type of symmetry

bilateral

Animals are divided into two major groups…

parazoa and eumetazoa

parazoa = “__” animals

beside

eumetazoa = “__” animals

true

are humans eumetazoa or parazoa

eumetazoa

parazoa are animals that have

no true tissues or symmetry

eumetazoa are animals that have

distinct tissues and symmetry

all animals other than sponges are symmetrical and are classified as ____ due to having true tissues and being symmetrical

eumetazoa

eumetazoa can be further subdivided into

triploblasts and diploblasts

are humans triploblasts or diploblasts

triploblasts

left is

diploblasts

right is

triploblasts

what type of symmetry do diploblasts have

radial

diploblasts lack a

mesoderm

how many germ layers do diploblasts have and what are the names of the germ layers they possess

two, ectoderm and endoderm

what animals are diploblasts

cnidarians and ctenophores

what type of symmetry do triploblasts have

bilateral

how many germ layers do triploblasts have and what are their names

three, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

what animals are triploblasts

all animals that are not diploblasts

Different germ layers are programmed to become a variety of

specialized tissues

what type of tissues does endoderm become

inner lining of most digestive tract organs,
trachea, lungs

what type of tissues does mesoderm become

all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, most other
visceral organs

what type of tissues does ectoderm become

outer epithelium of body surface, central nervous
system

fate of blastopore in early development leads to

protostomes, deuterostomes

origin of mouth and anus in protostomes

blastopore becomes mouth, anus is second opening

origin in mouth and anus in deuterostomes

blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms from second
opening

do protostomes have stem cells

no

what does spiral cleavage – angled cleavage mean

spiral pattern of cells along embryo axis (cells don’t line up – similar to rotation in DNA double helix)

what does determinate cleavage mean

fate of cells is determined very early, no stem cells

protostomes exhibit what type of cleavage

spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage

deuterostomes exhibit what type of cleavage

radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage

radial cleavage means cell division at

right angles

in deuterostomes fate of cells determined somewhat later in development meaning that

formation of embryonic stem cells and possibility of identical twins if embryonic cells become separated

indeterminate cleavage –

fate of cells determined somewhat later in development

which can have identical twins protostomes or deuterostomes

deuterostomes

coelom is found only in

triploblasts

what is coelom derived from

mesoderm early development

why can diploblasts not display coelom

because coelom is derived from mesoderm

where does coelom lie

between body wall and visceral organs

organs can ___ within coelom

move

when is it good in female humans that organs can move within coelom

pregnancy

coelom is ___ filled making it ____

fluid-filled, shock absorption