PBH 111 Review - Exam #2

Comprehensive question-and-answer flashcards covering epidemiology, research methods, vital statistics, infectious diseases, and genetics for the PBH 111 Exam 2 review.

In public health research, what term refers to the conditions or factors that may interact with a person and lead to disease?

Exposures

In research, what type of population do children, pregnant women, people who are in prison, and people with cognitive disabilities represent?

Vulnerable population (vulnerable)

What type of research observes or follows a group of people over a long time with repeated data collection to observe the development of disease and possible risk factors?

Cohort study (or longitudinal study)

Which types of statistics provide an extensive explanation about the various characteristics of a population?

Descriptive statistics

Which overarching category of research helps provide a narrative understanding of people's perceptions and beliefs about public health issues?

Qualitative studies

When reading a research article, what statistic indicates whether findings were statistically significant (usually set at $0.05$ or lower)?

The $p\text{-value}$ (or $p$ value)

What national survey is conducted every $10$ years and provides extensive demographic data for a population?

The census

What are the complex intervening factors that may influence the outcomes of human research called?

Confounding variables

What type of study uses a retrospective approach to compare past exposures in people with a disease and people without a disease?

Case control study

What statistical rate represents the basic rate of the total number of events (such as illness or death) in a population?

Crude rate

What term refers to the normal or expected rates of illness or disease in a population or region (for example, the common cold)?

Endemic

What document, often part of a state's vital statistics, serves as a usual source of information on diseases or reasons that contribute to mortality?

Death certificate

What term defines the number of new cases of a disease or illness in a population within a certain time period?

Incidence rate

What is the time between exposure to a pathogen and the beginning of observable symptoms of illness called?

Incubation period

Which large cohort study is recognized as one of the most successful studies examining various risk factors and chronic cardiovascular disease?

Framingham Heart study

What common sources of human infection worldwide are carried by small organisms (such as mosquitoes, small bugs, or worms) that live on a host and transmit infection?

Parasites

Which virus is most commonly spread between heterosexual relations in developing countries, but is more likely spread between men having sex with men in the USA?

HIV

Which disease was eradicated worldwide in $1977$ due to successful vaccination programs?

Smallpox

Which serious, highly fatal lung disease is spread by aerosols and poses higher risks in crowded living conditions such as prisons?

TB (tuberculosis)

What type of immunity is achieved when approximately $94\text{--}95\%$ of a population has been vaccinated or has natural immunity?

"Herd" immunity

By what mechanism is COVID-19 spread or transmitted?

Aerosols or droplets

Which phrase commonly used during the pandemic referred to decreasing the number of people needing hospitalization at one time to preserve healthcare resources?

"Flatten the curve"

What form of healthcare delivery expanded during COVID-19, prompting changes in technology use and reimbursement policies?

Telehealth

Which single-stranded molecule was used to deliver the COVID vaccine to the body's immune system?

mRNA

If COVID symptoms persist for more than $12$ weeks, what condition is a person considered to have?

Long covid

How many pairs of chromosomes do embryos receive from their parents?

$23$ pairs

In genetic screening, what is it called when a test indicates a person has a disorder, but that finding is not accurate?

False positive

Which autosomal recessive disorder primarily affects the lungs by creating excessive thick mucus that impairs breathing, while also causing digestive problems?

Cystic fibrosis

In which type of genetic inheritance will an individual have or develop the disease if they possess just one gene with the disorder?

Autosomal dominant

Which disease has a childhood-onset genetic form and an adult-onset form influenced by genetics and lifestyle, and can lead to vision problems, kidney failure, and heart disease?

Diabetes

The BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes are associated with an increased risk of which disease?

Breast cancer