Chapter 4: The Musculoskeletal System-Orthopedics

\-physis

growth

oste/o

bone

crani/o

head, skull

cervic/o

neck

spondyl/o

vertebra

lumb/o

loin, lower back

brachi/o

arm

dactyl/o

finger

carp/o

wrist

cost/o

rib

femor/o

femur (thighbone)

tibi/o

tibia (shinbone)

tars/o

ankle

chondr/o

cartilage

arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone)

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

muscle

fasci/o

fascia (fibrous connective tissue binding muscles together)

ton/o

tone, tension

kinesi/o

movement, motion

tax/o

arrangement, order, coordination

ankyl/o

stiff, bent

costalgia

rib pain

metatarsalgia

pain in the bones of the foot

ostalgia, osteodynia

bone pain

spondylodynia

vertebra pain

tibialgia

tibia (shin) pain

ankylosis

joint stiffness

arthralgia, arthrodynia

joint pain

cervicodynia

neck pain

crepitation

a crackling sound heard in joints

genu valgum

knock-kneed

genu varum

bowlegged

bradykinesia

slow movement

dyskinesia

inability to control movement

dystaxia

poor coordination

dystonia

poor muscle tone

graphospasm

writer's cramp

hyperkinesia

increase in muscle movement or activity

hypertonia

increased muscle tone or tightness

hypokinesia

decrease in muscle movement or activity

hypotonia

decrease in muscle tone or tightness

myalgia, myodynia

muscle pain

myasthenia

muscle weakness

myospasm

muscle spasm

tenalgia

tendon pain

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint

arthroscope

instrument for looking into a joint

arthroscopy

procedure of looking into a joint

electromyogram

a record of the electrical activity of a muscle

electromyography

procedure for measuring the electrical activity of a muscle

myography

procedure for studying muscles

arthrogram

visual record of a joint

arthrography

procedure used to examine a joint

computed axial tomography (CAT or CT)

imaging procedure using a computer to produce cross sections along an axis

kyphosis

humped back; abnormal forward curvature of the upper spine

lordosis

sway back; abnormal forward curvature of the lower spine

scoliosis

crooked back; abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

carpitis

wrist inflammation

craniomalacia

softening of the skull

exostosis

an abnormal growth of bone out of another bone

fracture

a bone break

osteodystrophy

poor bone development

osteolysis

bone loss

osteonecrosis

death of bone

osteosclerosis

abnormal hardening of bone

polydactyly

having more than the normal number of fingers (or toes)

spondylitis

vertebra inflammation

spondylomalacia

softening of the vertebra

syndactyly

fusion (sometimes called webbing) of fingers (or toes)

tarsoptosis

flat feet

bursolith

a stone in a bursa

effusion

fluid buildup

hemarthrosis

blood in a joint

hydrarthrosis

water (fluid) in a joint

pyarthrosis

pus in a joint

atrophy

underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle tissue

hypertrophy

overdevelopment of muscle tissue

myocele

hernia of muscle tissue

myolysis

loss of muscle tissue

myomalacia

softening of a muscle

myosclerosis

hardening of a muscle

myotasis

stretching of a muscle

myotonia

muscle tone

ankylosing spondylitis

a stiffening inflammation of the vertebrae

chondro-osteodystrophy

poor development of bones and cartilage

craniosynostosis

the premature fusing of the skull bones

dactylitis

finger inflammation

hypertrophic spondylitis

overdevelopment of the vertebrae causing inflammation

osteitis

bone inflammation

osteochondritis

inflammation of bone and cartilage

osteogenesis imperfecta

\
a disease in which the bones do not develop correctly, also known as *brittle bone disease*

osteomalacia

softening of the bone

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

osteopathy

bone disease

osteopenia

reduction in bone volume

osteoporosis

loss of bone density

spinal stenosis

abnormal narrowing of the spine

spondyloarthropathy

joint disease of the vertebrae