AP BIO UNIT ONE RETAKE VOCAB

Macromolecules

Molecules composed of thousands of atoms, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Polymer

chainlike molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Monomer

Make up of polymers, connected by covalent bonds

Dehydration Synthesis

Covalent bonds which connect monomers have distinct functions: one monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides a hydrogen creating water and a bond between the monomers

Hydrolysis

Adding water to reverse dehydration synthesis, so the polymer receive a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group

Carbohydrates

a macromolecule made up of C,H and O with a 2:1 Ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates create glucose (sugar) and stimulates insulin

Monosaccharaides

Simple sugars with 1 ring, provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of carbons. Also known as the simplest form of carbohydrates, which can not be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates.

Polysaccharides

joined by glycosidic linkages. Acts as an energy storage macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms. ( Long chains of carbohydrate molecules) Also in an example of cellulose and starch.

Maltose

disaccharide formed by joining the two glucose molecules, found in malt sugar. (Hydrolysis of Starch)

Sucrose

a disaccharide formed by joining a glucose and fructose, major form of sugar in plants; found in table sugar. One molecules of glucose linked to one molecule of fructose makes Sucrose.

Lactose

A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. People who lack the enzyme to digest this sugar are intolerant. Lactose is a main carbohydrate found in milk.

Starch

during photosynthesis, glucose is a biproduct that is stored in plastids and chloroplasts. Starch is also a carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Cellulose

Made up cell walls of plants, using beta ring. Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide/ carbohydrate.

Glycogen

an animal polysaccharide. Human produces excess sugar, highly branches/ human vertebrates store this in the living muscles. Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose. It also helps regualte your blood sugar levels.

Chitin

Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs, extremely strong, contains nitrogen containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell. Polysaccharide containing Nitrogen.

Lipids