SOLID DOSAGE FORMS process

GENERAL STEPS

1. Dispensing (measure)

2. Milling (cut)

3. Mixing (halo)

4. Granulation (granules)

Dispensing

MEASURING & WEIGHING of API and excipients

Milling (PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION)

Cutting

Impact

Compression

Attrition

Attrition + Impact

Cutting

CUT → SMALLER pieces

Example: Cutter mill

Impact

HIT by a MOVING object (i.e., hammer/bar)

Example: Hammer mill, Vibration mill

Compression

Application of PRESSURE
Example: end runner mill, edge runner mill

Attrition

RUBBING ACTION between two surfaces

Example: Roller mill

Attrition + Impact

Hit + Rubbing action

Example: boil mill, fluid energy mill

Cutter mill

a mechanical size-reduction machine that uses sharp rotating blades and stationary knives to shear tough, fibrous, or leafy materials into uniform particle sizes

Hammer mill

a mechanical machine used to shred, crush, grind, or pulverize various materials into smaller particles using high-speed rotating hammers

End runner mill

consists of a weighted pestle mounted eccentrically in a ceramic, granite or metal mortar, which is rotated by a motor.

Edge runner mill

a machine used to crush, grind, and mix materials. It has a round pan with two heavy wheels that move in a circle

Roller mill

are mills that use cylindrical rollers, either in opposing pairs or against flat plates, to crush or grind various materials, such as grain, ore, gravel, plastic, and others

Ball mill

a rotating cylindrical grinding machine used to crush, grind, and blend materials into fine powders

Mixing

Tumbling

Agitator

Fluidized bed

Tumbling

CUT → SMALLER pieces

Agitator

• HIT by a MOVING object (i.e., hammer/bar)

• Motion of blade x paddle

Fluidized Bed

Steam of air for drying of granules & coating multiparticulates

Tumbling: example

• Double Cone

• Oblique Cone

• Rotating Cube

• Twin Shell (V)

• Y-Cone Mixer

Agitator

Ribbon Mixer

Planetary Mixer

Nautamixer

Ribbon mixer

a horizontal industrial machine used to blend dry powders, granules, and low-viscosity pastes uniformly.

Planetary mixer

a versatile kitchen machine where the mixing attachment spins on its own axis while orbiting the stationary bowl

Nautamixer

a specialized industrial blending machine that uses a rotating screw orbiting inside a cone-shaped vessel to gently and uniformly mix powders, granules, and pastes

Granulation

• Wet

• Fluidized bed

• Dry

Wet granulation

Blending → addition of liquid binder → damp mass → screening → drying → screening → granules

Fluidized Bed

blending → suspended in AIR → granulating fluid → particles adhere → granules

Dry

Slugging: blending → compression → large tablet (slug) → milling → granules

Roller compaction: blending → squeezed → sheets → flakes → granules