NCE Starter Deck

Carl Rogers

Person-Centered Therapy → empathy, congruence/genuineness, unconditional positive regard; client has capacity for growth.

Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) →

REBT → irrational beliefs contribute to emotional distress; ABC model; disputes irrational “musts” and “shoulds.”

Aaron Beck

Cognitive Therapy/CBT → automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, cognitive triad, cognitive restructuring.

Alfred Adler

Individual Psychology → inferiority feelings, striving for significance, social interest, lifestyle, birth order, family constellation, early recollections.

Fritz Perls

Gestalt Therapy → here-and-now awareness, unfinished business, empty-chair technique.

William Glasser

Reality Therapy/Choice Theory → present behavior, choices, responsibility, basic needs; “Is what you're doing getting you what you want?”

Viktor Frankl

Logotherapy → finding meaning and purpose, even in suffering.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis → unconscious conflict, id/ego/superego, psychosexual stages, defense mechanisms, transference, free association.

B. F. Skinner

Operant conditioning → behavior is influenced by consequences, including reinforcement and punishment.

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning → learning through association between stimuli.

Albert Bandura

Social Cognitive Theory → observational learning/modeling, reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy.

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs → physiological → safety → love/belonging → esteem → self-actualization.

Solution Focused Brief Therapy

Focuses on solutions, strengths and desired future rather than extensive problem analysis. Miracle, exception, scaling and coping questions.

Salvador Minuchin

Structural Family Therapy → family structure, hierarchy, subsystems and boundaries.

Murray Bowen

Bowen Family Systems → differentiation of self, triangles and multigenerational transmission.

Erikson: Adolescence

Identity vs. Role Confusion → “Who am I?”

Erikson: Young Adulthood

Intimacy vs. Isolation → developing close, committed relationships.

Erikson: Middle Adulthood

Generativity vs. Stagnation → contributing to future generations/society.

Erikson: Later Adulthood

Integrity vs. Despair → reflecting on life with acceptance vs. regret.

Reliability

Consistency of a measurement. Memory cue: Reliable = Repeatable.

Validity

Whether an instrument actually measures what it is intended to measure.

Test-retest reliability

Same test + same people + different times → similar results = consistency over time.

Predictive Validity

How well a measure predicts a future outcome.

Content Validity

Whether a test adequately represents the full content/domain it is intended to measure.

Norm-referenced assessment

Compares an individual's performance with a normative/reference group.

Criterion-referenced assessment

Compares performance against a predetermined standard or criterion.

Positive reinforcement

ADD something desirable → behavior INCREASES.

Negative reinforcement

REMOVE something unpleasant → behavior INCREASES. Negative reinforcement ≠ punishment.

Positive punishment

ADD an unpleasant consequence → behavior DECREASES.

Negative punishment

REMOVE something desirable → behavior DECREASES.