B3 Infection and Responses

What is a pathogen

A microorgansim that causes infectious disease

What are 4 main pathogen

Bacteria,viruses,fungi,protists

How do pathogens spread

Air,water,direct contact,contaminated surafaces

what is communicable disease

A disease that can spread between organisms

How do bacteria make you ill

They reproduce quickly and can contain toxins

How do viruses make you ill

They reproduce inside cells,damaging them

What is a toxin

a poisonous substance that some microorganisms produce

what is the ob of a white blood cell

Defend body against pathogen

What are 3 ways white blood cells defend us

engulfing pathogen,produces antibodies and antitoxins

How does skin defend the body

A physical barrier against pathogen

How does nose hair and mucus protect you

They trap the particles your breathe in

what does cilia do in the airway

move mucus that contains pathogen towards the throat

How does stomach acid protect the body

kills pathogen that is swallowed in food or mucus

what causes measles

virus spread by droplets from cough and sneeze

what are symptons of measles

fever and red skin rash

how can measeles be prevented

vaccination

How does HIV attack

immunce system especially white blood cells

what can untreated HIV lead to

AIDS the immune system is severly damaged

How is HIV spread

certain body fluids

What does TMV do to plants

causes mosaic patter on leaves and reduces photosynthesis

What causes salmonella food poisoning

salmonella bacteria in contaminated food

how can salmonella be prevented

cook food properly and maintain good food hygiene

what causes gonorrhoea

bacteria a sexually transmited infection

how can gonorrhoea be treated

antibiotics

what causes rose black spot

A fungus that can cause black or puple spots on leaf

How does rose black spot affect plants

leaves fall early reduces photosynthesis and growth

hwo can we stop rose blqack spot from spreading

use fungicide and remove affected leaves

how is malaria spread

by mosquitos

how can malaria be prevented

prevent mosquitos by spray or cream

how do plant cell walls defend plants

cellulose cell walls form a tough barrier

how does a way cuticle protect plants

forms a protective barrier on leaf surface

how do plants defend themselevs chemically

produce antibacterial chemicals

what is vaccination

intoduces harmless pathogens in the body to stimulate immunty

how do vaccine protect you

stimulates antiboy this will let the cells for a faster response

what are memory cells

white blood cells that response rapidly to the same pathogen

why do vaccines help prevent disease spreading

fewer people become infected

what is herd immunity

when people are immune to the disease

what is an antibiotic

a medicine that kills bacteria or stops them from growing

why dont antibitics work against viruses

viruses have not bacterial strucures

what is antibiotic resistance

when bacteria envolve so a antibiotic cannot kill it

how can antibiotiv resistance be reduced

only use when needed and when prescribed

what is a painkiller

a drug that relives symptons but does not kill pathogen

what is a preclinical drug testing

testing drug on cells,tissues and animals befor human

what happends in a clinical trial

drug are tested onvolunteering humans and patients

why are drugs tested on healthy volunteers first

to asses safety and see the side effects befor testing them of patients

what is a placebo

a treatment with no drug

what is a double-blid trial

the doctor and paties dont know who recieved the drug/placedbo

why are drugs tested at different doses

find a safe and effective dose

what is a peer review

scientists checking each others researches befor it is published