Chapter 9 A Breath of Fresh Air

respiratory system

the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells

respiration

the diffusion of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

External respiration

the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by the blood in the lungs and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood in the lungs to atmospheric air

Ventilation

the intake of fresh air

upper respiratory tract

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglott is, and larynx

lower respiratory tract

consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

nose

air enters and exits the body through the

combining forms for nose

nas/o and rhin/o

nostrils or nares

the paired external openings of the respiratory tract

endotherms

warm-blooded animals

nasal turbinates

scroll-like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes; warm, humidify, and filter inspired air

meatus

two nasal turbinates, the dorsal and ventral, separate the nasal cavity into passages, these passages are called

meat/o

combining form for opening or passageway

nasogastric tube

tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach; placed through the ventral nasal meatus

vestibule

rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity

sept/o

combining form for partition

nasal septum

wall of cartilage that divides the nose

mucous membrane

a specialized form of epithelial tissue that lines the respiratory system

debris

the remains of something destroyed or damaged

Cilia

thin hairs located inside the nostrils; also filter the air

olfactory receptors

responsible for the sense of smell

olfact/o

combining form meaning smell

tonsils

lymphatic tissue that protects the nasal cavity and proximal (upper) throat

tonsill/o

combining form for tonsil

sinus

an air-filled or fluid-filled space

sinus/o

combining form for sinus

pharynx

common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; commonly called the throat

pharynx

extends from the caudal part of the nasal passages and mouth to the larynx and connects the nasal passages to the larynx and the mouth to the esophagus

pharyng/o

combining form for throat

nasopharynx

portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and above (dorsal to) the soft palate

oropharynx

portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis

laryngopharynx

portion of the throat below the epiglottis that opens into the voice box and esophagus

soft palate

moves dorsally and caudally to close off the nasopharynx to prevent food from going into the nasal cavity

palat/o

combining form for palate

epiglottis

acts like a lid and covers the larynx during swallowing

epiglott/o

combining form for epiglottis

larynx

part of the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea

voice box

the larynx is commonly called

vocal cords

paired membranous bands in the larynx that help produce sound

Laryng/o

combining form for the voice box

glottis

the space between the vocal cords

glott/o

combining form for glottis

syrinx

the vocal apparatus of avian species; located between the trachea and bronchi

trachea

extends from the neck to the chest; commonly called the windpipe

trache/o

combining form for the windpipe

tracheal bifurcation

distal end of the trachea that is divided into two branches

bronchi

the branches from the trachea

bronch/o

combining form for bronchi

bronchus

leads to a separate lung (right or left) and continues to divide

bronchial tree

the bronchi and its branches; appears similar to a tree and its branches

principal or primary bronchus

each bronchus that leads to a separate lung

secondary or lobar bronchi

the principal bronchi divide into smaller branches called

tertiary or segmental bronchi

the secondary bronchi divide into

bronchioles or bronchiolus

the smaller units of the tertiary bronchi; contain no cartilage or glands

-ole

small

bronchiol/o

combining form for bronchiole

terminal bronchioles

the last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli

respiratory bronchioles

the final branches of the bronchioles; have alveolar outcroppings and branch into alveolar ducts

Alveoli

air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs

alveolus

a small grapelike cluster at the end of each bronchiole

alveolar duct

connects the aveolus to the bronchiole

alveol/o

combining form meaning small sac

surfactant

liquid that reduces alveolar surface tension; prevents collapse of the alveoli during expiration

lung

the main organ of respiration that is composed of divisions called lobes

lobes

a well-defined portion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver, and other organs

lob/o

combining form meaning well-defined portion

combining forms meaning lung or air

pneum/o, pneumon/o, and pneu

combining forms for lung

pulm/o and pulmon/o

parenchyma

refers to the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to its framework

lung parenchyma

the functional elements of the lung are collectively

mediastinum

the space between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus

pleura

a membranous sac that encases each lung

pleur/o

combining form for membrane surrounding the lung

pleurae

the plural form of pleura

Parietal pleura

the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura

the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung

Pleural space

the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

pleural fluid

small amount of lubricating fluid contained in the pleural space or pleural cavity

Pleural fluid

prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration

diaphragm

a muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities from each other

phragm/o

combining form for wall

combining form for diaphragm

diaphragmat/o and phren/o

diaphragmatic hernia

an abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen

Inhalation

the drawing in of breath

Inspiration

another term for the drawing in of breath

Exhalation

the release of breath

Expiration

another term for the release of breath

spir/o

combining form for breath or breathing

-pnea

refer to breathing

apnea

absence of breathing

dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

bradypnea

abnormally slow respiratory rates

tachypnea

abnormally rapid respiratory rates

hyperpnea

abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations

hypopnea

abnormally slow or shallow respirations

hyperventilation

abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide

agonal breathing

respirations near death or during extreme suffering

combining forms refer to O2

ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y

capn/o

combining form for CO2

Hypoxia

inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply