Microanatomy and Physiology Exam 1

brown adipose

Identify adipose tissue type

white adipose

Identify adipose tissue type

reticulin

What protein fiber is this

elastin

What protein fiber is this

collagen

What protein fiber is this

collagen

What protein fiber is this

smooth muscle

What muscle type is this?

purkinje fiber

Identify

cardiac muscle

What muscle type is this?

cardiac muscle

What muscle type is this?

cardiac muscle

What muscle type is this?

skeletal muscle

What muscle type is this?

skeletal muscle

What muscle type is this?

skeletal muscle

What muscle type is this?

appositional bone growth

What type of bone growth is this?

interstitial bone growth

What type of bone growth is this?

hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is this?

elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is this?

fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is this?

osteoblasts

Identify

osteoclast

Identify

up is woven bone, down is lamellar

Identify bone type(s)

up is woven, down is lamellar

Identify bone type(s)

top is compact, below is cancellous

Identify bone type(s)

periosteum

Identify bone layer

endosteum

Identify bone layer

stratified squamous

Identify cell type

simple squamous

Identify cell type

orthokeratosis

parakeratosis

simple cuboidal

Identify cell type

stratified cuboidal

Identify cell type

simple columnar

Identify cell type

stratified columnar

Identify cell type

pseudostratified columar

Identify cell type

transitional epithelium

Identify cell type

tubular gland

acinar (alveolar) gland

coiled tubular gland

lymhocytes

What cells are these?

diffuse unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

dense unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

dense unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

primary

What kind of follicle is this?

secondary

What kind of follicle is this?

dense encapsulated lymphoid tissue

dense encapsulated lymphoid tissue

medullary cords and sinuses

trabeculae

PALS

hemal nodes

Bursa of Fabricius

medulla, cortex, and connective tissue

tunica intima, media, adventitia of blood vessel

What are the 3 layers?

intimal bodies

Identify

elastic artery

Identify artery type

muscular artery

Identify artery type

arteriole

Identify blood vessel type

capillary

Identify blood vessel type

vein

Identify blood vessel type

venule

Identify blood vessel type

medium sized vein

Identify blood vessel type

venous valves

Identify blood vessel type

endocardium

Identify tissue layer

cardiac valve

Identify blood vessel type

myocardium

Identify tissue layer

cardiac skeleton

Identify tissue layer

epicardium

Identify tissue layer

mesothelium

Identify tissue layer

lymphatic vessel

Identify tissue type

what is physiologic change mediated by?

proteins

what are the 5 main physiologic categories of proteins?

1. catalysis of reaction

2. reaction coupling

3. membrane transport

4. provide cell structure

5. molecular signaling

how does a protein function as a catalysis?

proteins serve as enzymes to catalyze reactions. they will increase the rate by lowering the action energy but do NOT affect the equilibrium

how do proteins function for reaction coupling?

energy required by one process is supplied by another process

what is ATP hydrolysis?

When water is added to an ATP to break off a phosphate group to make ADP, a phosphate group, and free energy

what is an example of a protein functioning for membrane transport?

the sodium-potassium exchange pump

where do proteins usually function for cell structure?

in muscles

how do proteins function as signaling molecules?

controlled change that will transmit information

what is an allosteric protein?

changes to a different shape when another molecule binds to it. The change in conformation alters the activity or properties of the protein.

how can an allosteric protein shape change?

ligand binding

- lock n key examples

what is allosteric inhibition vs activation?

inhibition: ligand binding will alter the shape of the active site making the substrate unable to bind

activation: ligand binding will alter the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind.

what is another way allosteric changes can occur?

phosphorylation

1. solute binding

2. phosphorylation

3. transport

4. protein reversion

Na+/k+ ATPase pump

what is another way allosteric changes can occur?

allosteric changes through voltage changes

what molecules pass through a lipid bilayer?

small polar molecules

non-polar molecules

-steroids

what molecules do not pass through a lipid bilayer?

ions

large polar molecules

what is a reason molecules will move through a membrane?

chemical forces

- determined by differences in the number of molecules in and out of the cell

what is another reason molecules will move through a membrane?

electrical forces

- difference in electrical charges across the cell membrane

- opposites attract

can pressure move molecules?

yes,

gravity and hydrostatic pressure from heart pump

what is electrochemical potential?

sum of chemical and electrical forces per mole of the substances.

what is diffusion/passive transport?

spontaneous movement of particles from areas of high electrochemical concentrations to areas of low concentrations

what is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. (water will follow solute)

what is osmotic pressure?

van't hoff equation: water pressure required to bring system to equilibrium.

aka balance of pressure and concentration

more solutes= more pressure

what is oncotic or colloidal pressure?

osmotic pressure resulting from dissolved proteins

what is an example of osmotic pressure in the body?

how can you see osmotic pressure problems in clinical settings?

dog presenting with a fluid retained abdomen

- loss of proteins= less osmotic pressure

- heart failure = less hydrostatic pressure

what is active transport?

utilizing energy/work to move molecules against their electrochemical gradient

what is the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

It uses ATP to get 3 sodiums out of the cell against its gradient and 2 potassiums into the cell against its gradient; ATP puts a phosphate on the protein, changes its conformation and kicking out sodium, also taking in 2 potassiums, which changes the protein conformation and kicks off the phosphate, transporting potassium into the cell

what is secondary active transport?

couples movement down an electrochemical gradient to the uphill movement of another molecule against a electrochemical gradient.

what is facilitated diffusion?

uses protein carriers to move ions and larger molecules from areas of high to low concentration

- ungated channel proteins

- carrier proteins

- ligand gated channel proteins

- voltage gated channel proteins

what is a carrier protein?

A protein which changes shape to allow larger molecules to pass through the membrane.