cognitive psych exam 3

the ability to retain information and skills throughout the nervous system is?

memory

the place where information is retained in the nervous system and sometimes refers to memory is called?

point of confusion

what is it called when you put information into memory and it may need to be transferred to be usable?

encoding

where do you hold or maintain information from memory over a period of time?

storage

if information is coming out of storage, what is this called?

retrieval

what does it mean when you hold information for a limited amount of time?

you are using your capacity (sensory register)

what happens when your memory decays very rapidly?

your brain is using the duration or sensory register)

if something cannot be controlled but operates automatically, what is this called?

you are using your control or sensory register

what happens when your apparent duration of brief stimuli is lengthened?

possible purpose is working (sensory register)

what is it called when your consciousness brings in information?

primary memory (short term memory)

What part of your brain holds 7 + or - 2 items or seconds of speech in your sensory register?

capacity (short-term memory)

what happens when short-term memory encodes information phonologically?

encoding (short term memory)

What happens when maintenance rehearsal is used from decaying for a few seconds?

duration (short-term memory)

When the short term memory is subject to deliberate control but not the sensory registers, what part of the brain is used?

control (short-term memory)

what is it when primary memory is not in consciousness but can be brought to consciousness

Secondary Memory ( LTM)

what is the term that has no known limit?

capacity in long-term memory

what is the ability to store semantic and sensory information in long term memory

encoding

what is the term that is anywhere between a few minutes to a lifetime

duration in long-term memory

what happens in the brain when a subject is limited to voluntary control and short-term memory requires time and effort?

control in long term memory

what is declarative memory?

long-term memory

what is episodic memory?

autobiographical in long-term memory

what is semantic memory?

facts and word meanings in long-term memory

what is procedural memory

motor skills

what happens when working memory holds the contents of consciousness and the information is being used for current tasks?

working memory and short-term memory

what part of the brain is a workshop analogy and is where memorization of facts is useful so they don't clutter the work area?

working memory: short-term memory

What is it called that is just one process or one storage unit that has multiple components?

working memory

Who was Alan Baddeley and what did he research?

researched and studied working memory theory

What is it called when if two easy tasks interfere with each other than they use the same mental components?

Dual Task Interference Paradigm

What happens when your working memory holds information used for a current task and can manipulate the information it's holding?

Innovations in Baddeley Model

What are the three components of working memory?

1. visual and spatial information
2. phonological information with speech sounds
3. what should be held and discarded

where can information be often held

in either the phonological loop as words or the visuo-spatial sketchpad as mental images

what is it called that is easier to study than the visuo-spatial sketchpad or easier to turn images or locations into words?

Phonological loop

what are some tasks that use the phonological loop?

-retaining lists
count
performing calculations
-keeping instructions or rules in mind
-perform silent verbal tasks such as reading

what tasks use the visuospatial sketchpad?

remembering the appearance of an object's location, navigation and visually imagining information presented in words

what does the central executive do?

coordinates mental activities, decides how to code and keep or discard, and has some control over components

what can limited capacity do?

can't do several things at once

what is recognition?

remembering what something is

what is recall?

remembering phone number, day dreaming

what does control do?

operates automatically cannot be controlled

What is it called when you can hold info into short-term memory from long-term memory

Brown Peterson Task

What is it when you can hold more words with single letter words and hold onto info longer and better?

pronunciation effect

When remembering a list, what happens when you sometimes substitute a rhyming word or letter ?

acoustic confusions

what does maintenance rehearsal do?

maintaining information to rehearse it later

where is primary memory found in the brain?

short term memory

where is secondary memory located?

long term memory

what is the serial position effect?

if there is more people remembering the words, it's easier

what is the primacy effect and where is it found in the brain?

long term memory
being toward the beginning has a positive effect

what is the recency effect? and where is it found in the brain?

short term memory
has a negative effect

what happens in a slow presentation?

lose the recency effect

what is a rapid presentation?

it reduces primary but leaves recency effect intact

what is it called when the primacy effect is unaffected and reduces recency but leaves primacy still intact?

filled delay

according to the textbook, what is it when you can't use the phonological loop and repeat words?

articulary suppression

how much can you hold in the phonological loop and how well do the three components correlate with intelligence, academic success, and reading comprehension, what is this called?

digit span

if are tasks are easy then why can we do both?

dual task interference paradigm

why does coordinates work the memory components?

central executive

say you add numbers in your head, what kind of information would this be?

active and manipulate

what are little bits of information that are put together called?

chunking

what happens when the brain is NOT focused on memory?

shallow chunking happens

what happens when the brain DOES focus on memory?

deep chunking

What did Crait and Lockhart do?

focused on answers yes and no and used an orienting task

what happens when you use a silent "E" in words when its not about meaning?

shallow task

what is the task that explains meaning

deep task

According to the textbook, what happens when you look at the learning that takes place but don't study it and in order for the orienting task to work, it has to be a surprise?

incidental learning

What is it called when you are trying to commit the words to memory for a memory test?

intentional learning

what is the connection between info and a potential way to memorize things and finding a way to make studying personal?

self reliance effect

what is it called when you think about the meaning of the word and activate other deeper information?

distinctiveness

non-kestoff effect When you put items in a category and one's that don't fit in a category that is nondistinctive, what is this called?
For example, when you put the word giraffe on a list of vegetables

non kestoff effect

what happens when you connect to other information that we already know

elaboration

what is forming connections in long-term memory used for?

elaborative encoding

whats going on in your mind during encoding and how you encode specific information is used for what?

encoding specificity

what influences and changes the meanings of items?

context effects

what are objects or stimulus that affects behavior?
for example: remembering your first time touching a volleyball

cues

when you can't get the same results for moods in memory, what is this called?

mood dependent memory

what is the ability to recall information

voices

what happens when the learning task changes to the testing task
example: studying

transfer appropriate processing

when we are able to remember happier experiences easier?

positive mood

what you learn later degrades your memory from what was learned earlier, what happens during this?

retroactive interference

when you have learned something before

proactive interference

when you change the topic and it partially restores the ability to learn more information, what is this called?

release from proactive interference

when people with depression remember negative things and memories, what is the term for this?

real world phenomena

what is it called when an event happened but you forgot it?

ordinary forgetting

what happens when an event happened but you never remember it?
example: putting sleep on a list of words that remind you of bed or nap but is not actually part of that list

false memory

when you recognize colors from words without actually reading it, what is this called?
example: reading the word blue but it has a color of green

stroop task

what is it called when you read a word that says red but it is actually the color blue and you are too slow at reading the colors?

stroop effect

what is considered automatic in the stroop effect?

reading the word

what is considered controlled in the stropp effect?

naming the ink color

what is considered the working memory or short-term memory?

temporary storage for whatever is needed to store information

what is considered long-term memory?

procedural and declarative sections w

what is the procedural part of long-term memory

motor skills and its explicit

what is the declarative part of long-term memory

putting into words easily like telling someone how to ride a bike and its implicit w

what is the hippocampus needed for?

needed to form new memories and is spared incase of damage

what is the episodic part of long-term memory

autobiographical and is used for encoding and retrieval

what is the semantic part of long-term memory

facts and meanings for words and is used for storage organization

what is the Attkinson Shiffrin Model

its the information processing model of memory and is used for the sensory register to pass information onto the short-term memory and onto the long-term memory part of the brain so that information can be transferred, retrieved and rehearsed

What did George Sperling's partial report paradigm do?

George Sperling created an exam where you look at a row of nine letters and the results showed that three items could be remembered at a 25% of the display and nine items could be remembered at a 75% display and tones were used when the letters disappeared

what was the purpose of Baddeley and Hitch's paradigm?

gave people two different tasks and compared the tasks and attention was divided. If you give people a task about speech sounds, it interferes a lot but it doesn't with appearances

as explained in the textbook, you make saccadic eye movements when you are reading this sentence in order to____

move your eye so that the next words are registered in your fovea

as mentioned in the textbook, compared to a good reader, a poor reader is likely to

make more regressions to earlier material

imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. no matter how hard you try, you can't avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon meringue pie. As explained in the textbook, you are having difficulty with_____

thought suppression

the textbook discussion about face recognition points out that we perceive a face in terms of gestalt. you can therefore conclude that____

we perceive faces in terms of their overall structure