Psych Exam 3

Aggression

Physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt someone

Hostile Aggression

Intent to injur

Instrumental Aggression

injury is a means to a different goal

Indirect Aggression Scale

Self-reported aggressive behavior and attitude

Biological Reasons for Aggression

Gaining resource, mating, priming to think about mating or social status

Situational Factors of Testosterone and Agresssion

When threatened, testosterone increases aggression, when not threatened testosterone increases generosity

Frustration

Block of goal directed behavior

Frustration leads to aggression when the behavior causing the frustration is…

…unjustified

Burnstein & Worchel 1962 Frustration Study

More likely to kick out disrupter when interruption was not justified

Relative Deprivation as Frustration

perceiving oneself (or ones group) as less off than others

Displacement of Aggression

Directing anger toward safer or more socially acceptable sources

Social Learning Theory Bandura

Children performed similar actions and insults

Social learning theory

We learn social behavior by observing and imitating others and by being rewarded for it

Adverse experience that influence aggression

Hot temps and ostracism

Aggressive Cues Study (Berkowitz & LePage 1967)

Participants gave longer shocks when a gun was in the room than a racket

Deindividuation

Loss of sense of self

Diffusion of Responsibility

Each person feels accountable for their own actions

Social Contagion

emotion spread rapidly

Social Learning via media

Desensitization to violence, learn specific behaviors, positive attitudes toward aggression

Longitudal Evidence Robertson et al 2013

TV viewing at a young age predicted criminal convictions

Aggressive Media Experimental Evidence Coyne 2013

Participants who watched aggressive media blasted noise louder and longer

Catharsis

The release of aggressive energy by acting aggresively

Does Catharsis Lower Aggression Study (Bushman 2002)

Patients who sat quietly were least aggressive, participants who punched a punching bad were more aggressive

Ways to Reduce Aggression

Reward non-aggeressive behavior, consume pro social media, learn to regulate emotions

Attraction vs Romantic Attraction

Attraction is the desire to approach, Romantic is the desire to be a romantic partner

Factors that promote attraction

Physical features, proximity, reciprocity, similarity. physiological arousal

Matching Phenomenon

We tend to pair up with others whose desirability is similar to our own

People who are seen as physically attractive are seen as…

… nicer, happier, smarter, and more successful

Proximity in College Dorm Study

The closer the unit the more likely people tended to be friends

The mere exposure effect

We like people and things that we are repeatedly exposed to

Proximity accentuates our…

…initial feelings

Curtis and Miller Reciprocity Study

When A thinks B likes them, they tend to like B more

Limits of reciprocity

We like those who like us, especially if they ONLY like us

Speed Dating Study (Eastwick)

People liked others who liked them but when they realize theyre not the only choice, the person does not reciprocate

Why we like people who are similar to us

Validation, easier interactions, social acceptance

While not similar we are attracted to people who are…

…instrumental to our goals

Does matching based on similarity work?

No, perceived similarity is a better predictor

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Emotion arises from a combination of both phsyiological arousal and cognitive interpretation

Misattribution of Arousal Study

High arousal bridge caused perceived sexual content and men called Gloria more

Novel & Exciting activities Study

Engaging in more exciting activities increased relationship satisfaction more than just spending time together

Self Disclosure reciprocity

One partner shares personal information then the other partner shares

Reward theory of attraction

We like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

Passionate love

Intense longing for union with another

copassionate love

the affection we feel for those deeply intwined within our lives

Attachment theory

our behavior in adult relationships is based on our experiences as infants with our parents

Attachment Style

expectations people develop about relationships based on the relationship they had with their parents

Secure attachment style

emotional bond built on safety and mutual support

Anxious Attachment (Preoccupied)

Clingy, needs constant reassurance

Avoidant Dismissive Attachment

Desire for independence, dismissing intimacy

Avoidant Fearful (disorganized) attachment

Preoccupied with relationships, fearful and avoidant of intimacy

Caveats to Attachment styles

Most influential in stressful events, partners can buffer against insecurities, styles can change

Emmerson Attachment Style Study

Novel and exciting experience can make relationships more rewarding to someone in high attachment avoidance. Familiar and comfortable experiences can make relationships more rewarding to someone in high attachment anxiety

Prosocial Behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior

What people Expect study

Prosocial spenders became happier, personal spenders felt less happy

Positive Feedback Loop Study

People who recalled a time they spent money prosocially were happier, and therefore more likely to spend money on others

Negative State Relief Study

Sad people who think their mood is changeable, help others to make them feel better.

Social Exchange Theory

Human Interactions are transactions that aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs

Social Norms

People help because of social expectations

Reciprocity Norms

Especially in public, people repay others

Social Responsibility Norm

Personal responsibility of helping those in need, dependent on attributions of the need

External Attributions vs Internal Attributions

External attributions produce sympathy which causes people to help, internal causes no sympathy so people refuse to help

Altruism

Helping when there is no benefit to the self