Ethics & Bioethics (pt 2)

GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS are important components which interact with one another to attain the?

highest goodness of actions and deeds

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• Rules

• Standards

• Principles

• Judgment

• Common Sense

• Values

• Public Interest

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• clear instructions that must be followed

RULES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• Failure to follow may result in legal action in the form of penalties or suspension.

RULES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• guide an individual to act in conformity with a law, ordinance, directive, or policy.

RULES

Once the rules of conduct are considered as policies

• an individual may be an observant of ______ guidelines before an action is done or executed.

formal/non-formal

If the rules of conduct are classified as directives

• the conduct of any person can be guided at its ______.

micro-level

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• how the rules are going to be implemented.

POLICIES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• give a direction that is in line with both applicable laws and goals that the organization wants to achieve.

POLICIES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• social policies that an individual, group of individuals, or the entire community should observe.

STANDARDS

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• When people know what is expected of them, they tend to comply.

STANDARDS

Sometimes, standards can be considered as __________.

social policies

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• When the rules of conduct are evaluated against a standard rule, it is otherwise known as a "principle of the moral system."

PRINCIPLES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• if there is a valid and justified ground to support the premise.

PRINCIPLES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• product of learned codes of conduct and the cognitive evaluation of each situation.

JUDGEMENT

Moral judgment is to decide whether you should do things:

for your own benefit even if other people will get hurt

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• a practical application of what the conscious mind dictates whether or not the action is right or wrong.

COMMON SENSE

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• the product of cognitive, practical and critical thinking.
  
  

COMMON SENSE

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• from the Latin word “Valere” meaning having worth or being worthy
  
  

VALUES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• an abstract object of interest or worth.
  
  

VALUES

6 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS:

• manifests when an action has been done and executed in congruency with public welfare.

  • DRUG ADDICTION

PUBLIC INTEREST

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• Meta-ethics

• Normative ethics

• Applied ethics

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• “Meta” means?

After/Beyond

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• It involves a removed or bird’s eye view of the entire concept of ethics.

META-ETHICS

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• defined as the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts.

META-ETHICS

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• least precisely defined area of moral philosophy.

META-ETHICS

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• addresses questions:

  • “What is goodness?”

  • “How can we tell what is good from what is bad?”

  • “Whether the existence of things/happenings is true or ever true?”
    

META-ETHICS

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• seeks the use of ethical reasons for the things or events that have happened or have been happening as the will of the Almighty God.

META-ETHICS

2 issues of Meta-ethics:

• concerning whether morality exists independently of humans

Metaphysical Issues

2 issues of Meta-ethics:

• whether morality is supreme over humans

Metaphysical Issues

2 issues of Meta-ethics:

• whether moral values are eternal truths that exist in a spirit-like realm or nearly conceived by humans.

Metaphysical Issues

1 approach of metaphysical issues is otherworldly, also called:

Voluntarism or Divine Command Theory (God)

2nd approach of metaphysical issues is that moral values are
strictly human interventions.

Relativism

2 forms of Moral Relativism:

• individual people create their own moral standards

Individual Relativism

2 forms of Moral Relativism:

• morality is grounded in the approval of one society and not simply in the preferences of individual people.

  • norms & values of society

Cultural Relativism

2 issues of Meta-ethics:

• disclosing the basis of mental judgment over human conduct.

  • understands what motivates us to be moral.

Psychological Issues

2 issues of Meta-ethics:

• concerning the underlying mental basis of our moral judgments and conduct.

Psychological Issues

several contrasting issues cloud over meta-ethics.

• objectivism vs relativism →
  
  

Metaphysical Issue

psychological issues that illustrate several conflicting areas such as:

• egoism vs altruism → self-oriented interest & instinctive benevolence

• emotion vs reason → moral action & explanation

• male vs female morality → traditional & domestic

Metaphysical issues connotes that objectivism holds the idea that things _____ and all things existing in the universe are real.

really exist

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct

NORMATIVE ETHICS

key assumption in normative ethics is that “there is only __________ of moral conduct,” whether it is a single rule or a set of principles.

one ultimate criterion

The basic principle following normative ethics is the ______.

Golden Rule

The Golden Rule states:

“DO UNTO OTHERS AS YOU WOULD HAVE THEM DO UNTO YOU”

The Golden Rule is governed by ___ theories.

3

Euthanasia can be covered by _______ since it is a product of the controversial behavior of the individuals involved.

APPLIED ETHICS

Euthanasia can be covered by __________ because it transcends the boundaries of self-rule and right to live.

NORMATIVE ETHICS

Euthanasia may fall under _______ for the right to live emanates from the Almighty God.

META-ETHICS

Descriptive ethics, otherwise known as:

COMPARATIVE ETHICS

a value-free approach that attempts to examine the ethics from the perspectives of pure observation or choices.

COMPARATIVE/COMPARATIVE ETHICS

the study of people's beliefs about morality or good deeds and implies the existence of theories of values and not basically of what has been prescribed.

COMPARATIVE/COMPARATIVE ETHICS