Intro to B&B - Quiz 3

Lectures 12, 13, 15

sensation

input from the environment that is captured by sensory receptors

perception

the brain’s response to and interpretation of sensory input

sensory pathways

signal travels from the body to the brain to be interpreted

motor pathways

signal leaves the brain to the body as an output of behavior

haptic perception

active exploration of the environment via touching and grasping objects

are all sensations perceived the same?

no, there are different receptors for pain, pressure, texture, and vibration

A-delta fibers

pain pathway for quick, sharp pain

C fibers

pain pathway for long, dull pain

referred pain

pain when sensory information from internal and external areas meet on the same nerve cell

gate-control theory

signals from pain receptors can be stopped on the spinal cord, therefore not reaching the brain and minimizing pain

top down control of pain

signals from the brain that dampen sensation of pain

bottom up control of pain

signals from the PNS that signal up to the brain to modulate pain responses

basilar membrane

part in the ear that vibrates to encode sound

superior olive

part of the brainstem where right and left auditory signals converge

auditory cortex

part of the brain in the temporal lobe that processes sound

place code

different frequencies are encoded at different locations

temporal code

sound is encoded based on precise timing and pattern of signals

left hemisphere related to sound

processes language

right hemisphere related to sound

processes rhythmic sounds and music

cornea

front of the eye, bends light

lens

behind cornea, focuses images

retina

back of the eye, where light is detected and converted to signals

fovea

part of the retina, where vision is sharpest

rods

highly sensitive, light vs. dark

cones

less sensitive, color vision

visual fields

what we can see at one time with just eyes

optic chiasm

where left and right signals diverge and go on their own path

blind spots

caused by optic disks (where photoreceptor axons exit the eye)

iris

colored disk, controls amount of light

pupil

opening at center of iris, dilates based on light level

gestalt pyschology

perception of the whole instead of just the parts

taste buds

made up of taste receptor cells that produce proteins to detect one of 5 tastes

sour

detected by proteins that allow H+ in the cell

umami

detected by proteins that respond to amino acids

bitter

detected by 30+ proteins that respond to range of chemicals

salty

detected by proteins that allow Na+ in the cell

sweet

detected by proteins that respond to sugar molecules

spicy

detected by the release of the active compound known as capsaicin

olfactory receptor neurons

in the lining of the nose, detect odors

olfactory bulb

region of the brain that receives input from olfactory neurons

humans vs animals (dogs and mice) olfaction

animals have more genes for olfactory receptor neurons

cognitive psychology

study of internal mental processes

attention

concentration of the mind on a specific object or process

sustained attention

maintaining engagement over a period of time

selective attention

ability to focus on task-relevant information and ignore task-irrelevant information

dorsal attention

top-down, voluntary, goal-directed attention

ventral attention

bottom up, reorienting attention, and detecting unexpected stimuli

cognitive control

directing thoughts and behaviors towards a goal

stroop task

incongruent stimuli leads to conflict resolution and overcoming of well-learned response

influences on selective attention

task relevance, personal relevance, centrality, salience, uniqueness

salience

something that is easily noticeable

decision making

involves many areas of the brain doing small tasks

metacognition

thinking about thinking

path of metacognition

planning, then monitoring, then evaluation