shoulder (non-trauma)

for the AP shoulder external rotation, how are the epicondyles positioned?

parallel to the IR

for the AP shoulder external rotation, how are the arms and palm positioned?

arms partially abducted, palm up

where is the CR directed for the AP shoulder external rotation?

scapulohumeral joint (1 inch inferior to coracoid process)

what IR size and orientation are used for the AP shoulder external rotation?

10 × 12 crosswise

what breathing instruction is used for the AP shoulder external rotation?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the AP shoulder external rotation?

70-85 kVp

what should be in profile laterally on an AP shoulder external rotation projection?

greater tubercle

what should be superimposed over the humeral head on an AP shoulder external rotation projection?

lesser tubercle

for the AP shoulder internal rotation, how are the epicondyles positioned?

perpendicular to the IR

for the AP shoulder internal rotation, how is the arm positioned?

rotated medially

where is the CR directed for the AP shoulder internal rotation?

scapulohumeral joint (1 inch inferior to coracoid process)

what IR size and orientation are used for the AP shoulder internal rotation?

10 × 12 crosswise

what breathing instruction is used for the AP shoulder internal rotation?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the AP shoulder internal rotation?

70-85 kVp

what should be in profile medially on an AP shoulder internal rotation projection?

lesser tubercle

what should be superimposed over the humeral head on an AP shoulder internal rotation projection?

greater tubercle

inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection is also known as…

lawrence method

how should the palm be positioned for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

palm up

how should the arm be positioned for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

abducted 90 degrees (or as near 90 degrees as possible)

how should the shoulder be positioned for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

elevated to the center of the IR

where is the CR directed for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

25-30 degrees medial to the axilla

what IR size and orientation are used for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

10 × 12 crosswise

what breathing instruction is used for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

70-85 kVp

what should be profiled anteriorly on an inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

lesser tubercle

what two structures should be in profile on an inferosuperior axiolateral shoulder projection (lawrence method)?

humeral head and glenoid fossa

the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection is also known as…

hobbs modification

how should the patient be positioned for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

5-10 degrees anterior oblique

how should the affected arm be positioned for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

raised superiorly as much as the patient can tolerate

where is the CR directed for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

perpendicular to the axilla and humeral head to pass through the glenohumeral joint

what IR size and orientation are used for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

10 × 12 lengthwise

what breathing instruction is used for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

70–85 kVp

what should be demonstrated on the radiographic criteria for the superoinferior PA transaxillary shoulder projection (hobbs modification)?

lateral view of the proximal humerus in relationship to the glenohumeral articulation

what angle is used for the modified bernageau method?

30 degrees caudal

how should the arm be positioned for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification)?

abducted 90 degrees

where is the CR directed for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification) with 90° abduction?

to the IR

how should the arm be positioned for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification), when 90 degrees abduction is not possible?

abducted less than 90 degrees

where is the CR directed for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification) with less than 90° abduction?

5-15 degrees to the axilla

what IR size and orientation is used for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification)?

10 × 12 crosswise

what breathing instruction is used for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification)?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification)?

70-85 kVp

what should be demonstrated on the radiographic criteria for the inferosuperior axial shoulder projection (clements modification)?

lateral view of the proximal humerus in relationship to the glenohumeral articulation

what patient position can be used for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection? why?

seated or standing so the arm can be abducted 90 degrees

how should the patient and arm be positioned for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

patient leans laterally and arm out over the IR

where should the IR be placed for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

on the table under the shoulder joint

how should the elbow and hand be positioned for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

elbow flexed 90 degrees and rested on the table with the hand pronated

how should the head be positioned for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

tilted away from the affected side

where is the CR directed for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

5-15 degrees towards the elbow

what breathing instruction is used for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the superoinferior axial shoulder projection?

70–85 kVp

what two structures’ relationship should be demonstrated on the superoinferior axial/transaxillary shoulder projection?

the humeral head and glenoid

what joint and process should be seen under the humeral head on the superoinferior axial/transaxillary shoulder projection?

the AC joint and coracoid process

what structure should be in profile and seen anteriorly on the superoinferior axial/transaxillary shoulder projection?

lesser tubercle

what type of details should be demonstrated on the superoinferior axial/transaxillary shoulder projection?

bony and soft tissues

the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection is also known as…

grashey method

what obliquity is used for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

35-45 degrees

where is the CR directed for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

perpendicular to the IR, mid scapulohumeral joint

how should the arm be positioned for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

in neutral rotation and slightly abducted

what IR size and orientation are used for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

10 × 12 crosswise

what breathing instruction is used for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

hold your breath

what kVp range is used for the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

70-80 kVp

what should be in profile on the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

glenoid cavity

what should be centered on the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

scapulohumeral joint

what exposure quality should be demonstrated on the AP oblique glenoid cavity projection (grashey method)?

optimal exposure factors