macromolecules

Benedict test

test for monosacarides (simple sugars) when tested positive will become a orange color

Lugol test

A test to test for polysacarides (complex sugars)/ starches will become dark purple/black

Biruet test

a test to test for proteins the solution will become purple when postive

Sudan Red test

a test to test for the presence of lipids if positive the solution will be spotted

Why is life made from carbon

Carbon has 4 bonds which means it can bond to many different things making it very versatile

Hydroxyl

-OH

Carboxyl

-COOH

Amino

-NH₂

Aldehyde

-CHO/-COH

Phosphate group

[PO₄]

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Methyl

-CH₃

Carbonyl

-CO

Dehydration synthesis

removes water to create a bond between any amount of molecules (x-1)

Hydrolosis

Adds water to break bonds between molecules (x-1)

Carbohydrate

made of C,H,O hexagonal structures, 1:2:1 ratio of molecules, monomer is called a monosacaride immediate cell fuel and building blocks.

Describe the role of monosaccarides in our bodies

Acts as immediate cell fuel, building blocks for larger dysaccarides or polysaccarides

Identify 2 examples of polysaccarides that are structural and the organisms where they would be found.

Cellulose in plant cell walls and the chitin in arthropod shells

Identify 2 examples of polysaccarides that provide energy storage and the organisms they would be found in

Starch: Found in plants (such as potatoes, wheat, and corn), where it serves as the primary energy reserve.

Glycogen: Found in animals (and fungi/bacteria), where it is stored mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles to provide a quick source of energy

Lipids

made of C,H,O and sometimes P but in long chains used for long term energy storage and the molecule used for phospholipid bi-layers (cell membranes also makes steroids no monomer

Examples of steroids

Hormones: estrogen and testosterone

Cholesterol, Cortisol etc etc etc.

describe the difference between saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

Physical State: of saturated fats Tightly packed together, which causes them to be solid at room temperature (such as butter, lard, or coconut oil

Physical State of unsaturated fats : The kinks prevent the molecules from packing closely together, making them liquid at room temperature (typically called oils)

describe how phospholipids form membranes

Phospholipids form cell membranes by naturally organizing into a double layer (lipid bilayer) when surrounded by water. Their water-loving (hydrophilic) heads face outward toward the fluid inside and outside the cell, while their water-fearing (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails point inward, hiding back-to-back in the middle to create a protective barrier.

Protein

the macromolecule that regulates most body made up of C,H,N,O and sometimes S, functions 3d, what enzymes are made of and will always have an amino group present monomer is Amino Acid

Protein folding explained

Protein folding turns a flat chain of amino acids into a working 3D molecular machine. It builds in four steps: the linear sequence (primary), local twists and sheets (secondary), the final 3D shape driven by water-fearing sections hiding inside (tertiary), and sometimes multiple chains teaming up (quaternary). Ultimately, a protein's shape dictates its function, and misfolding stops it from working.

Nucleic Acid

the macromolecule that makes up genetic information makes DNA and RNA made up of C,P,H,N,O

Enzyme

Biological catalyst speeds up (reduces activation energy) chemical reactions that would otherwise take a long time by bonding to a substrate the enzyme wont be used up during the reaction b

Substrate

the thing that the enzymes bond to

catalyst

something that speeds up chemical reactions

denatured

when an enzyme can no longer function due a myriad of reasons

Active Site

where the substrate bonds to the enzyme

activation energy

how much energy is required to start a chemical reaction